2.2 Living Process in Unicellular Organisms

CHAPTER 2:
CELL BIOLOGY
AND CELL
ORGANISATION
2.2 Living Process in Unicellular Organisms
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UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
 are made up of only one cell
 However, this cell is a complete unit of life like multicellular organisms.
 Unicellular organisms carry out all life processes:
 Respiration
 Movement
 nutrition,
 responding to stimulus,
 Reproduction
 Growth
 excretion.
 Protozoans are the simplest form of unicellular organisms.

 Examples of protozoa are
 Amoeba sp.
 Paramecium sp.
AMOEBA SP.
PARAMECIUM SP
MOVEMENT
AMOEBA SP. MOVEMENT
 constantly changes its shape
when it encounters obstacles.
 moves by extending out its
pseudopodium (false feet).
 followed by the flow of
cytoplasm into the extended
pseudopodium.
PARAMECIUM SP.MOVEMENT
 moves using rhythmic cilia
beats
NUTRITION
Amoeba sp. moves towards food by For Paramecium sp. the presence of cilium
extending its pseudopodium to trap food beat helps transfer food particles into the oral
particles by phagocytosis groove.
The food vacuole is combined with lysosome.
The food particles are hydrolysed by the enzyme lysozyme in the

lysosomes.
The nutrients are absorbed into the

cytoplasm.
Undigested food in the

Undigested food is discharged when the
Paramecium sp. is discharged through the
Amoeba sp. moves.
anus.
PARAMECIUM SP
Undigested food is
the presence of cilium discharged through the
beat helps transfer food anus
particles into the oral
groove
NUTRITION
REPRODUCTION
AMOEBA SP
Nucleus divide
 When the conditions are
suitable and there is plenty of
food:
 reproduce via asexual
reproduction that is binary
fission through mitosis.
 when the environmental
conditions are not suitable, such
as dry conditions, low
temperature and food shortage:
 forms spores that will only
germinate when the
environment improves
PARAMECIUM SP
 When the conditions are
suitable and there is plenty of
food:
 reproduce via asexual
reproduction that is binary
fission through mitosis.
 when the environmental
conditions are not suitable, such
as dry conditions, low
temperature and food shortage:
 sexual reproduction, that is
conjugation occur
EXCRETION
EXCRETION
 Waste such as carbon dioxide and ammonia are removed by diffusion.
 As Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. live in freshwater environments,
water will diffuse by osmosis and fill the contractile vacuole.
 When the vacuole expands to the maximum size, contraction occurs,
and water is excreted from time to time.
 This process is called osmoregulation.
vacuole expands to the
maximum size
water will diffuse by osmosis

and fill the contractile vacuole vacuole expands to the
maximum size, contraction
occurs, and water is excreted
from time to time
GROWTH,
RESPIRATION &
RESPONDING TO
STIMULI
GROWTH RESPIRATION
 Ameoba sp. and Paramecium  Exchange of oxygen and

sp. grow by synthesising new carbon dioxide gases occur
cytoplasm. through the plasma membrane
by simple diffusion on the
surface of the cell.
RESPONDING TO STIMULI
 Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. respond to stimuli such as chemicals,
touch or bright light by moving away from the stimuli.
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
A
A
A
A
B
B
• X is a contractile vacuole
• It remove excess water (which enters the organism by osmosis)
• Y is cilia
• It helps (Paramecium sp) to move forward // helps the organism move
• The gaseous exchange process occurs over the whole body surface in an
Amoeba sp through simple diffusion
• Higher concentration of oxygen in the surrounding water causes oxygen
to diffuse into the Amoeba sp.
• Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the cell causes carbon
dioxide to diffuse out of the Amoeba.
• Contractile vacuole
• Water diffuses into the cell and fill the contractile vacuole by osmosis
• When the contractile vacuole is filled with water to its maximum size, it
contracts to expel its content from time to time

2.2 Living Process in Unicellular Organisms

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CHAPTER 2:

 Protozoans are the simplest form of unicellular organisms.

The food vacuole is combined with lysosome.

The food particles are hydrolysed by the enzyme lysozyme in the

The nutrients are absorbed into the

Undigested food in the

water will diffuse by osmosis

 Ameoba sp. and Paramecium  Exchange of oxygen and

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