Electricity is the most commonly used item in our

daily use. When we are making extensive use of

electricity, a serious thought is also required to be
given to the dangers involved in its use.
use
Why Electrical Safety

 Out of 15 to 20 accidents in factories, one turn out to be

fatal
 More & more new areas are added everyday.
 Chances of accident is more as compared to other
agency due to extensive usage.
Know Electrical Primary Hazards

Electric shock

Electric fire &

explosion

Electric flash

Electric burns
Secondary Hazards

Person falling from height

Dropping of tools & objects
Health hazards due to release of
toxic gas & production of UV
rays
Psychological effects
 Emotionally anxious
 Distracted
 More prone to accidents
Electrical Shock
 It is sudden & accidental stimulation of the body’s
nervous system by electric current. It is the result
of passage of electric current through the human
body

It occurs : When a person comes in contact with :

• Both wires of electric supply.

• One wire of an energized circuit & ground.

• Accidentally energized metallic part while standing on

ground.
Severity of Electrical Shock

1. Amount of current flow.

2. Path of current flow.
3. Period of current flow
4. Nature of current
5. Frequency
6. Resistance offered by body to
flow of current.
7. Duration of flow
Effect of Current in Human Body

Current Effect on Body

1 to 8 mA not painful
8 to 15 mA painful shock
15 to 20 mA painful shock, muscular control
lost

20 to 50 mA breathing difficulties
50 to 100 mA leads to death
200 mA & severe burns, clamp down of
more heart, leads to death.
Body Resistance

Body area Resistance

(ohms)

Dry skin 1,00,000 to

6,00,000

Wet skin 1000

Internal body
Hand foot 400 to 600
Effect of Body Resistance
Person
P in touch
POWER
with
SOURCE live wire

•I = V/R
= 230 / 100000 A (Dry Condition)
= 0.0023 A
= 2.3 mA

•I = 230 / 5000 (Wet Condition)

= 0.046 A
= 46 mA
How Shock Occurs
1. By simultaneously touching the phase and
neutral conductor thus completing the circuit
through his body

ALERNATOR
B
LOAD HAVING
METALLIC BODY

R
N
2. By touching the phase conductor and standing on
the ground

ALTERNATOR
B
ELEC. EQPT.HAVING
METALLIC BODY

N
3. By touching a metallic part that has become live
by itself being in contact with an energised wire

ALTERNATOR
B
ELEC. EQPT.HAVING
METALLIC BODY

N
Causes of Electrical Shock

1. Insulation failure
2. Equipment failure
3. Poor maintenance
4. Wrong working method
5. Sub standard material
6. Unauthorized personnel
7. Lack of training and
knowledge
Shock Protection Methods

Isolation
Current limitation
Low voltage
Double insulation
Earthing
Isolation

 All electrical equipment

should be isolated from
accidental contact &
approach by
unauthorised men by
Providing barrier
 Panel boards, generators,
large motors, batteries
should be enclosed
 Low & medium voltage
OH lines should be kept
@20’ above the ground
Isolation Switches
 The switches should be connected in phase only
 The switches should be easy and free to operate
 Body of the metallic switches should be earthed
 Every DB should be provided with a switch
 It is advisable to keep switch as near as possible to the
work-place

P
POWER
SOURCE
N
Double Insulation
 Another insulation added.
 Double insulated power tools have non-
metallic body.
 Need not be earthed (two point plug is
sufficient)

Insulation

Functional Protective
Electric Flash
It is the result of the breaking of
circuit of electric current
Higher the current, slower the rate
of separation of parts, the greater is
the flash
Being a known hazard sufficient
preventive measures are taken to
guard against it like magnetic blow
out coil
Electric flash generally affect the
eyes, if a person sees it with his
naked eyes. Personal protective
equipment has to be used
Electrical Fires and Explosions

Caused by :
1. Overloading
2. Incorrect fuses /protective
devices
3. Poor maintenance
4. Explosive atmosphere
5. Static electricity
6. Damage due to rodents,
termites and pests.
7. Lightning.
8. Water seepage.
seepage
Maintenance negligence

Temporary electrical connection

Bad switch contacts

Improper substitution of electrical

equipment and materials

Allowing equipment for regular usage after

repairs without complete check-up

Non-protection against mechanical

damages.
Failure of insulation level
Insulation failure occur due to following reasons:-

i) Reduction in voltage with standing capacity

because of excess temperature.

ii) Deterioration in mechanical properties due to

excess temperature where the insulation is
mechanically vulnerable and the mechanical
failure leading to electrical failure of the
insulation.

iii) Aging causes deterioration of the insulation.

iv) Sub-standard material are more prone to

insulation failure.
Electrical Burn
 When a person comes in contact with
live wire , due to heating effect of
electricity, receives electric burn.
 Electrical burns is another common
hazard associated with the use of
electricity.
 A flash over burn could be a serious
hazard dealing with very high voltages.
voltages

Type of Burns
1. Contact burn
2. Flash / arc burn
3. Scattering of vaporized metal
4. Arc eye & metal fume fever
Chemical Site
Electrical
Safety
requirements
Check in General for

 Neutral earthing
 Protective shed
 Body earthing
 Earth pit for body earthing
 Earth resistance
 Fuses
 Loose connection of cable
 Housekeeping
 Availability of Fire
extinguisher and type
PLUG TOPS

• PLUG TOPS SHOULD BE USED TO AVOID SHOCK

DANGERS.

• THREE POINT PLUG IN CASE OF METALLIC BODY

HAND TOOLS AND TWO POINT PLUG IN CASE OF
DOUBLE INSULATED HAND TOOLS.

METALLIC BODY

HAND TOOL
Fuses

Fuses are proven safety devices for overload

conditions
Check the fuses for their current ratings
Never replace fuse wire with ordinary copper
or aluminium wire
High rupturable cartridge fuses are now a
days easily available and has advantages
over traditional fuses
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
 For portable power tools power supply is taken through ELCB
 Saves persons from electric shock

Person in
touch
POWER SWITCH with
ELCB
SUPPLY BOX
faulty
eqpt.
Having
elec.
Charges
on it”s
body

 It opens the circuit when it senses leakage current from

earth.
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
 For portable
 ELCB’s OF 30
power tools mA
power supply sensitivity ,
should be 63Amps,
taken through ELCB
 3 poles
ELCB 63 A

 Test the ELCB weekly and record it.

Cable Routing & Colours
All electrical cables should be run either overhead or
underground
Cable routing layout map to be prepared so that it does
not cause tripping hazards
Welding and power cables not to be overlapped

 Single phase supply

Phase - red
Neutral - black
Earth - green
 Three phase supply
 Phases
 Red
 Yellow
 Blue
 Neutral - black
Cable Protection

•Protection against mech.

Damages

•Protection against heat

•Cables should be laid

away from welding cables
Cable Joints

Staggered joints

CABLE 1

3/4” 3/4” 3/4” 3/4”

CABLE 2

Joints are not to be overlapped

One primary insulation and an overall
secondary insulation is to be done
Proper insulation tape are to be used
Hand Lamps
Only 24V hand lamps are
to be used

Hand lamps are to be

enclosed by glass
surrounded by metal wire
mesh

Hand lamps used for

confined space work
should be of insulated
type with no joints
Hazard Control Measures

Use of National standards.

Observance of Rules & Regulations.
Testing and inspection procedures.
Making and warnings.
Use of PPE’s
Electrical work procedures
Work Permit System
Training and education
Resuscitation techniques
First aid of Fire Fighting.
Earthing

Earthing means:
“ Direct connections of all non
current carrying parts of electrical
equipments such as metallic
framework, motor body, cable
armoured, earth terminal of socket
outlet, transformer to a earth plate.”
*The earth plate which buried in
ground should have a good electrical
connection to the surrounding earth.
Purpose of Earthing
1. To avoid electric shock to human body.
2. To avoid risk of fire due to leakage current through
unwanted path.
3. To ensure that no current carrying conductor rises to a
potential w.r.t. earth than its designed insulation.

Requirement
 Earth connection should provide low resistance path.
 Setting & selection of protective devices should be such
that it should operate fast to cut of the supply.
Principle of Earthing

National regulations on electricity require that all non-

current carrying metallic parts of electrical equipment
should be solidly connected to general mass of earth with
at least two earth connections.

Principle behind Earthing that any leakage current which

accidentally energizes non-current carrying metallic parts
should flow back through the general mass of earth to the
substation so the protective devices are actuated to cut off
the supply as quickly as possible.
Types of earthing

1. Wire or strip earthing

2. Rod earthing

3. Pipe earthing

4. Plate earthing
Earth Resistance Value

An healthy earth pit should have

the value as low as possible i.e 0.5
to 1 ohm.
Allowable earth resistance values
for different locations:
4 ohm = Electrical system &
metallic structures
7 ohm = Storage tanks
1 ohm = Main earth grid & pipe
lines
Earth Pit Resistance in Rallis
Units should be <1 ohm
Static Electricity
“ When two electrically neutral but similar surfaces come
in contact, they transfer electrons from one surface to
another, both becomes electrically charged so that one
surface lose charge and other gain charge. One will
become +vely charged & other –vely charged and a spark
discharge will occur if strength increases.”

Effects of Static Charge

 Fire & Explosion

 Discomfort & possible injury.

Source of Generation
1. Liquids, gases flow in pipes, ducts, tanks, tanker, vessels.

2. Liquids & gases under pressure from nozzles.

3. Dragging a metal container along a insulated floor.

4. Movement of driving or conveyer belts.

5. Pneumatic conveying of plastic pellets & blending.

6. Crystallization in an enamel coated vessel using solvents

with low conductivity.
conductivity
Electrostatic Ignition
For static ignition, following conditions must present:

1. Electrostatic charge generation must occur.

2. Means for static charges to accumulate.

3. The electrical field resulting from static charge must

be strong enough to provide a spark of sufficient
energy to cause ignition.

4. An ignitable mixture of vapor-air or dust-air be

present.
Protection from Static Charge

1. Bonding and earthing of

Equipment/ pipeline
2. Low velocity of fluid
3. Use of Antistatic material
4. Wearing of Antistatic
shoes
5. Use of static discharge
plate at Plant entrance
6. Earth Monitor to ensure
proper earthing of Static
charge in Tankers.
Electrical Safety-Remember

Display electrical equipment & cable routing

layout
All electrical installation to be tested &
commissioned as per BIS codes
All DB’s should be covered
Earthing of all electrical installations
Regular maintenance
Follow rules and regulations
Follow safety measures
Adopt protective system
Insulation
Regular inspection
Any
Question?
Safety Rules/ Standard
IS 5571:1979 > Guide for selection of electrical equipment for
hazardous area (1st revision)

IS 5572(Part 1):1944 > Classification of hazardous area for

electrical installation.

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS (CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

SCHEDULE XI PART II OF THE PFR ,1952(Safety
,1952 against dust,
corrosion, flammability & explosibility)

DANGEROUS OPERATIONS (SECTION-87)

> Exposes any person to a serious risk of bodily injury,
poisoning or disease.
Contd…
Safety rules contd…

 High Noise: Noise induced hearing loss (notifiable

disease no.22)

 MANUFACTURE & REPAIR OF ELECTRICAL

ACCUMULATORS ( SCHEDULE-III)
SCHEDULE-III > Hazardous
process.

 EXPLOSIVE OR INFLAMMABLE , DUST,GAS ETC.

(SECTION-37) > Process that produces, dust, gas, fumes
or vapors that’s likely to explode on ignition: All safety
measure shall be taken to prevent any such explosion by
effective enclosures of all possible sources of ignition.
Electrical Safety General Rules

The Factories Act,1948 LIGHTING ( SECTION 17 )>

) In
every part of factory, provide & maintain sufficient & suitable lighting-
Natural or Artificial.
 PRECAUTIONS REGARDING THE USE OF PORTABLE
ELECTRIC LIGHT ( SECTION-36A)
> No portable light or portable tool of voltage exceeding 24V shall be
permitted for use inside a confined space.
>If flammables is likely to be present than no lamp or light other than
flame-proof construction shall be permitted.
Thank you
By Shailesh Mistry