• B) Name the openings present in it. • A) Middle meatus • B) openings are *Middle ethmoidal air sinuses *Frontal air sinus *Anterior ethmoidal air sinuses *Maxillary air sinus 2
• A) Identify the pointed space.
• B) Name the opening present in it. • A) Inferior meatus • B) opening present in it. * Opening of the nasolacrimal duct ( in the anterior part of meatus ) 3
A) Identify the pointed structure.
B) Write its blood supply. A) Tongue B) Its blood supply. * Dorsal lingual artery * Deep lingual artery * Tonsillar branch of facial artery * Ascending pharyngeal artery 4
• A)Identify the pointed structure.
• B)What type of cartilage is it ? • A) Epiglottis • B) Elastic cartilage 5
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its lining epithelium • A) Identify the pinned structure. * Epiglottis • B) The greater part of the mucous membrane is lined by Non- keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The mucous membrane over the lower part of the Posterior surface is lined by Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. 6
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) what are the 2 parts connected by it. • A) Pharyngotympanic tube ( auditory tube or eustachian tube ) • B) It connects the tympanic cavity/middle ear and nasopharynx. 7
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Name the two mucosal folds extending from it. • A) Tubal elevation • B) The two mucosal folds extending from it are. * Salpingopharyngeal fold :- extends vertically downwards and fades on the side wall of the pharynx. It contains salpingopharyngeus muscle. * Salpingopalatine fold extends downwards and forwards to the soft palate. It contains the levator palati muscle. 8
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its blood supply • A) Nasal septum ( medial wall of nose ) • B) Its blood supply are. * anterior ethmoidal artery ( a branch of ophthalmic artery ) * Posterior ethmoidal artery ( a branch of ophthalmic artery ). * Sphenopalatine artery ( a branch of maxillary artery) 9
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its clinical significance. • A) Nasal septum ( medial wall of nose ) • B) Its clinical significance. * An area in the anteroinferior part of the nasal septum just above the vestibule is highly vascular. Here the septal branches of the anterior ethmoidal artery, sphenopalatine artery, Greater palatine artery and superior labial artery anastomose to form a vascular plexus called Kiesselbach’s plexus. This area of nasal septum is the commonest site of epistaxis ( nose bleeding ) 10
• A) Identify the pointed space.
• B) Write its clinical significance • A) Piriform fossa • B) Its clinical significance are. * It is otherwise called as smuggler’s fossa. As it is used by the smugglers to hide the precious materials like diamonds. * A malignant tumour of the laryngopharynx ( hypopharynx ) may grow in the space provided by the piriform fossa without producing symptoms until the patient presents with metastatic lymphadenopathy. 11
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) What type of cartilage it is. • A) Thyroid cartilage • B) Hyaline cartilage 12
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B)Name the structures pierces it ? • A) Thyrohyoid membrane • B) The thyrohyoid membrane is pierced on either side by the internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal vessels. 13
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its sensory nerve supply. • A) Pinna ( Auricle ) • B) Its sensory nerve supply. * Lateral ( facial ) surface :- Lower 1/3rd , by great auricular nerve ( C2,C3); Upper 2/3rd by auriculotemporal nerve, Concha by auricular branch of vagus nerve ( Alderman’s nerve ) * Medial ( cranial ) surface :- Lower 1/3rd by great auricular nerve ( C2, C3 ) , Upper 2/3rd by lesser occipital nerve C2 , Eminentia conchae, by auricular branch of the vagus. 14
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write its divisions • A) Pharynx • B) Its divisions. * Nasopharynx , lying behind the nose * Oropharynx , lying behind the oral cavity * Laryngopharynx , lying behind the larynx 15
• A) Identify the pointed structure.
• B) Write the names of the cartilages it is composed of. • A) Larynx • B) The names of the cartilages it is composed of are. * Unpaired cartilages :- The unpaired cartilages are large. 1. Thyroid cartilage 2. Cricoid cartilage 3. Epiglottis * Paired cartilages :- The paired cartilages are small 1. Arytenoid cartilages 2. Corniculate cartilages 3. Cuneiform cartilages 16
• A) Identify the pointed
structure • B) what structure divides it into 3 parts • A) Maxillary artery • B) Lower head of lateral pterygoid muscle 17
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) It separates what ? • A) Soft palate • B) It separates the nasopharynx from oropharynx 18
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its extent . • A) True vocal cord • B) It extend from the middle of the thyroid angle to the vocal process of attention cartilage 19
• A) Identify the pointed foramen
• B) Name the structures passing through it • A) Foramen Ovale • B) Mandibular nerve, Accessory middle meningeal artery, lesser petrosal nerve, Emissary vein 20
• A) Identify the pointed foramen
• B) Name the structures passing through it A) Foramen Lacerum B) Meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery, Emissary vein, Internal carotid artery along with the sympathetic plexus around it, enters it from behind and exists above. 21
• A) Identify the pointed foramen
• B) What divides it into two compartments. • A) Foramen magnum • B) The alar ligament of axis vertebra divides the foramen into small anterior and large posterior compartments. 22
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Name its branches. • A) Inferior alveolar nerve • B) Its branches are : Mylohyoid, dental, incisive and mental nerve 23
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) What nerve comes out of it • A) Mental foramen • B) Mental nerve 24
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) what is the action? • A) Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle • B) Only abductor of vocal cord 25
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write the structures passing through it. • Mandibular foramen • It provides passage to : Inferior alveolar nerve, Inferior alveolar artery, Inferior alveolar vein 26
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its sensory innervation • A) Lingual nerve • B) It carries general sensation from anterior 2/3rd of the tongue 27
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its nerve supply and action • A) Hyoglossus muscle • B) Nerve supply : Hypoglossal nerve Action : Depresses the side of tongue to make the dorsal surface of the tongue convex and also helps in the retraction of the protruded tongue. 28
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Name some muscles it innervates. • A) Hypoglossal nerve • B) It supplies all the muscles of the tongue ( intrinsic & extrinsic ) except the palatoglossus which is innervated by vagus nerve carrying cranial accessory nerve fibres. 29
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its action. • A) Genioglossus muscle • B) Action : Protrudes the tongue when acting together with its counterpart of opposite side ( safety muscle of tongue) 30
• A) Identify the pointed structure
• B) Write its nerve supply and Action • A) Cricothyroid muscle • B) External laryngeal nerve • Action: Tensor of vocal cord THANK U