Multicarrier

CDMA

Swarna Pundir 1
MC Modulation & Demodulation
IFFT for Mod, addition of cyclic prefix at TX.
Removal of cyclic prefix, FFT for Demod.

Swarna Pundir 2
 MIMO MC- CDMA
MC-CDMA
A promising solution for future wireless cellular
communication systems.

MIMO
One technique to improve capacity and diversity gain.

MIMO MC-CDMA
To be investigated and evaluated as a trend.

Swarna Pundir 3
 Pattern
 Training symbol
Antenna 1
Antenna 0

differentially encoded by one PN 1+j -1-j

sequence
-1-j 1+j
Pilot subcarriers
Antenna 0 Antenna 1

1+j -1-j
Wireless Internet Technologies

Swarna Pundir 5
 Multicarrier Modulation
Divide bit stream into N sub streams

Swarna Pundir 6
Multicarrier CDMA
 Combination of CDMA and OFDM.
 Advantages:
 Multiuser, higher robustness to channel fades
 Problems:
 Loss of orthogonality in frequency selective
channels

Swarna Pundir 7
MC-CDMA System
Frequency
Power Spectrum of each
d Kj MC
user spans the entire
spectrum.
User transmits the same d 2j
1
symbol . dj d 1j
d 1j cos(2ft )

Serial/ x
Parallel d Kj MC
cos(2K MC ft )
+
x

Swarna Pundir 8
MC-CDMA
OFDM single user
MC-CDMA multiuser, proposed by Linnartz 1993
If we divide total channel into N narrow bandcarrers,
and have N users who want to send information
simultaenously, how to do it?
Compare with OFDMA!

Swarna Pundir 9
Orthogonal Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
OFDM is one of Multicarrier Modulation
schemes, it distributes information on all carriers
OFDM known since late 60s, and suggested for
wireless in 80s, but progress in digital signal
processing hardware made it feasible in the 90s,
adopted for DAB/DVB, WLAN (IEEE 802.11a/
HiperLan II), in the 2000s likely adoption in Wide
Area Networking in IEEE 802.16a as OFDM and
OFDMA.

Swarna Pundir 10
Spectrum of OFDM
Ex: OFDM has completely separated and overlapping
sub streams
Spectrally efficient

Swarna Pundir 11
MC-CDMA advantages over
OFDMA and OFDM
In OFDMA, a user could be assigned a bad
channel, to prevent this, we need elaborate
multiuser scheduler, also potentially subject to
delays
In MC-CDMA, a user’s signal is spread over a
wider spectrum. User’s are not assigned carriers
exclusively
“MC-FDMA and MC-TDMA versus MC-CDMA and
SS-MC-MA: Performance Evaluation for Fading
Channels”, Stefan Kaiser, 1998.

Swarna Pundir 12
MC-CDMA disadvantage compared
to OFDMA
Uplink orthogonality no longer guaranteed even
if carrier synchronization is perfect. HW due next
time:
“Performance of multicarrier joint detection CDMA
mobile Communications Systems”, P. Jung, F.
Berens, J. Blanz and J. Plechinger, 1997
Proceedings of the IEEE VTC, pp. 1892-1896
“Time and Frequency Domain Hybrid Detection
Scheme for OFDM-CDMA Systems”, S. Hahm
and W. Sung, 1998.

Swarna Pundir 13
Important Issues for MC-CDMA
systems
Joint detection requires channel knowledge!
Channel estimation, blind or data aided?
Code short or long?
In many CDMA systems, uplink codes are long!

Swarna Pundir 14
Detection Schemes MC-CDMA
Single User Detection Schemes
applicable for downlink (or uplink…)
Orthogonality Restoring Combining (ORC)
Equal Gain Combining (EGC)
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)
Minimum Mean Square Error Combining (MMSE)

Swarna Pundir 15
Multicarrier CDMA
Assume K users are simultaneously active in the same
frequency band
Each user k, k in [1..K] spreads each data symbol by
allocating it to L>1 number of subcarriers and weights
by cl(k) , l in [1..L], the chips of user specific CDMA codes

 Assume Chip rate:

c (k )

 c c (k )
1 l 
(k ) T

1 N

TC T
Swarna Pundir 16
Swarna Pundir 17
Swarna Pundir 18
Channel Estimation
To do joint detection, we need channel estimation
Approaches:
Data Aided
Blind
Blind w/ Short Sequence
Blind w/ Long Sequence

Swarna Pundir 19
Channel Estimation
MC /JD-CDMA is closely related to DS-CDMA
OFDM/CDMA vs MC/CDMA
Guard interval in MC-CDMA
Time domain detection in MC/JD-CDMA

Swarna Pundir 20
MC-CDMA Data Model
K # number of users,
The use of pilot tone, known valued subcarriers with
a known weighting factor
The use of pilot symbols, certain number of output
blocks of S/P converter

Swarna Pundir 21
Design of Training
Interleave pilot tones for each user such that P x K
= N total number of users. If more than K users
per time, arrange special training order

Swarna Pundir 22
Rayleigh fading exponential multipath profile

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Swarna Pundir 26
BER is a function
Of Guard Period and
N:
Number of carriers
E_b/N_0=10 dB,
f_D=80Hz,
_rms=200ns.

Swarna Pundir 27
Number of subcarriers
Against Guard Period

Tradeoff of guard
length vs subcarrier
number, efficiency

Swarna Pundir 28
Wireless channels may have a delayed path
stronger than main path!
•Correlation type OFDM synchronizers try to catch
a path with the largest amplitude for DFT
windowing

Swarna Pundir 29
Swarna Pundir 30
Downlink
Synchronizer catches second path, ISI from first path
included in DFT window
MC-CDMA downlink signals are orthogonal for all
users, but ISI and MUI degraded BER
Insert both head and tail guard interval (pre/post)fix.

Swarna Pundir 31
Uplink

Swarna Pundir 32
 Uplink w/ Head& Tail

Heat&Tail
(pre/post)fix
addition
eliminates ISI
and MUI!

Swarna Pundir 33
Downlink Performance

Swarna Pundir 34
Uplink Performance

Swarna Pundir 35
MC-CDMA
Compared to DS-CDMA, the main advantage is that
it can collect all signal energy, although a fraction
would be lost in the guard interval
4G Mobile Communication systems
Complexity and Synchronization Issues

Swarna Pundir 36
Thank You

Swarna Pundir 37