Overview of Data Communication

and Computer Networks

01204325: Data Communication

and Computer Networks

Asst. Prof. Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Ph.D.

chaiporn.j@ku.ac.th
http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~cpj
Computer Engineering Department
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand1
 Outline
 Data Communication Overview
 Definition
 Components
 Protocols and standards
 Network Overview
 Connectivity
 Categories
 Internetworks

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 Motivations
 Efficient way to share resources
 Cost – less expensive
 Accessibility – easier
 Efficient way to exchange information
 Time – faster
 Size – bigger
 Correctness – more accurate

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Data Communication: Definition

 Data Communication:
Transfer of data from one device to another via
some form of transmission medium.

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Data Communication
Hi, Hi,
how how
are are
you? you?
Hi, how are you? Hi, how are you?

Computer User

01010001 01010001

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6
Communications Characteristics
 Effectiveness of a data communications
system depends on 4 characteristics:
 Delivery: correct destination, user…
 Accuracy: accurate data reception at
destination.
 Timeliness: same order without significant
delay  real-time transmission.
 Jitter: variation in the packet arrival time.

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Components in Communication
1 Message
Hi, how are you?

5 Protocol
2 Sender 3 Receiver

4 Medium

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 Data Representation
 Numbers
 8/16/32 bit integers
 floating point 150
2
 Text
 ASCII, Unicode
 Images 255
 Bit patterns, Graphics formats JPG/GIF/etc
 Audio  Samples of continuous signal
 Video  Sequence of bitmap images
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 Protocols and Standards
 Protocol
 A set of rules governing data communications
 Syntax: format of data block
 Semantics: meaning of each section
 Timing: speed and sequencing

 Standards
 De facto (in practice) standards
 not approved but widely adopted
 De jure (in law) standards
 approved by an organization

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 Standards Organizations
 Creation Committees
 ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
 Forums
 Regulatory Agencies

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 Direction of Data Flow
 Simplex: One direction only

data flow

Server Monitor

data flow

Keyboard

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 Direction of Data Flow
 Half Duplex: Both directions, one at a time

data flow at time 1

data flow at time 2

 E.g., walkie-talkies

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 Direction of Data Flow
 Full Duplex: Both directions simultaneously

data flow

data flow
 E.g., telephone

 Can be emulated on a single communication link

using various methods

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 Networks
 Network: a set of devices connected by
media links
Laptop
iMac

Workstation

Media Links
Server
SD

Printer Scanner
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 Types of Connections
 Point-to-point
 Multipoint (multidrop)

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Point-To-Point Connection

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Multipoint Connection

Wireless

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 Topology
 Topology: physical or logical arrangement
of devices
 Point-to-point
 Mesh
 Star
 Bus
 Ring
 Hybrid

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Point-to-Point Connection

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

A D

B C

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology
 Pros:
 Dedicated links
 Robustness
 Privacy
 Easy to identify fault
 Cons:
 A lot of cabling
 I/O ports
 Difficult to move

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Star Topology

A D

Hub Drop

B C
Drop

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Star Topology

A D

Switch

B C

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Star Topology

A D

Hub

B C

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 Star Topology
 Pros:
 One I/O port per
device
 Little cabling
Hub  Easy to install
 Robustness
 Easy to identify
fault

 Cons:
 Single point of
failure 27
 Bus Topology

Drop
line

Tap

Terminator

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 Bus Topology

A B C D

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Bus Topology

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 Bus Topology
 Pros:
 Little cabling
 Easy to install

 Cons:
 Difficult to modify
 Difficult to isolate fault
 Break in the bus cable stops all transmission

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 Ring Topology

D
B

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Ring Topology

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Ring Topology

 Pros:
 Easy to install
 Easy to identify fault

 Cons:
 Delay in large ring
 Break in the ring stops all
transmission

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Hybrid Topologies

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10M100M
ACT ACT
PWR UPLINK

COL COL
SWITCH 131415161718192021222324 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10M100M
ACT ACT
PWR UPLINK

COLCOL
SWITCH 131415161718192021222324 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

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 Network Categories
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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 Local Area Networks
 Network in a single office, building, or
campus

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 Wide Area Networks
 Network providing long-distance communication
over a country, a continent, or the whole world

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 Metropolitan Area Networks
 Network extended over an entire city

Bangkhen Kampangsaen

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 Switching
 Dedicated circuits
 Circuit switching
 Telephone switches
establish circuits
for communication
 Packet switching
 Data are put into
packets telephon
 Each stamped with e
switch
source and destination
addresses
 Routers know where to
forward packets
Packet Router

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 Network of Networks

Company A Company B
Network Interface Card (NIC)

Company C Company D
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 Internetworking
 How to allow devices from different
standards to communicate
 Gateways/routers – devices capable of
communicating in several standards

 These become "network of networks"

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 Internetworks
 Two or more networks connected become
an internetwork, or internet

Network1 Network2

Gateway

Network3

 Example: The Internet

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 The Internet
 The largest internetwork (network of networks)
in the world
 Devices communicating with TCP/IP protocol
suite
Stanford U. of Utah

UC Santa Barbara

UCLA

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 Summary
 Data communication
 Protocols and standards
 Computer networks
 Topologies
 LAN/MAN/WAN
 Internetworks (networks of networks)

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