Tackle large

Presents a
philosophical
researched, , moral, DESCRIBES
reasoned, and social and YOUR OWN
logical defense cultural that SOLUTIONS
of a position cannot be TO A GIVEN
within a current boiled down ISSUE
debate or issue.
to right or
wrong
POSITION
1
PRINCIPLES
AND USES OF
 Coverage of topics to discuss:

⊹•research instruments:
× Interview
× Survey
× observation
3
 Research
Instruments
A tool used to collect,
measure, and analyze data
related to your research
interests. A research
instrument can include
interviews, tests, surveys, or
checklists 4
Interviews
Are where verbal questions are
posed by an interviewer to elicit
verbal responses from an
interviewee

5
 Structured

INTERVIE
W
Focus- Unstructured
Group
6
 structured
⊹Requires a clear topical focus
and well-developed
understanding of the topic at
hand.

7
 Structured interviews:
Characteristics
The questions are created prior to the
interview, and often have a limited set of
response categories.
There is generally little room for
variation in responses and there are few
open-ended questions included in the
interview guide.
8
 Structured interviews:
Characteristics
Questioning is standardized and the
ordering and phrasing of the questions
are kept consistent from interview to
interview.
The interviewer plays a neutral role and
acts casual and friendly but does not
insert his or her opinion in the interview.
9
 Structured: benefits

⊹It can be conducted

efficiently by interviewers
trained only to follow the
instructions on the interview
guide or questionnaire. 10
Unstructured

Recommended when the

researcher has developed
enough of an understanding of
a setting and his/her topic of
interest to have a clear agenda
for the discussion with the
informant. 11
 Un-structured:
 characteristics
The interviewer and respondents engage
in a formal interview in that they have a
scheduled time to sit and speak with each
other and both parties recognize this to be
an interview.

 The interviewer has a clear plan in mind

regarding the focus and goal of the
interview. This guides the discussion
12
 Un-structured:
 characteristics
There is not a structured interview guide.
Instead, the interviewer builds rapport
with respondents, getting respondents to
open-up and express themselves in their
own way.

 Questions tend to be open-ended and

express little control over informants’
responses.

13
 Un-structured: benefits
 Extremely useful method
for developing an
understanding of an as-of-
yet not fully understood or
appreciated culture,
experience, or setting.
14
 Focus group discussion
• An in-depth field method that brings together a
small homogeneous group (usually six to twelve
persons) to discuss topics on a study agenda.

• Generally used to collect data on a specific topic.

15
Focus group
discussion:
• Use the Purpose
social dynamics of the group,
with the help of a moderator/ facilitator,
to stimulate participants to reveal
underlying opinions, attitudes, and
reasons for their behavior.
16
 Focus group discussion:
•
characteristics
Provide a short introduction and background on the issue to
be discussed.

• Members of the focus group should have something in

common.

• Groups can either be put together or existing groups.

17
Features and Structure of
Surveys
 survey
A method of data collection where
the researcher provides people with
a questionnaire, and the
respondents’ answers give data to
the researcher.

19
 survey
The purpose of a survey is
to gather information
from many people in a set
amount of time.

20
 survey
A survey can be given in different ways:

• postal survey
• telephone interviews
• face-to-face interviews
• internet surveys.

21
 Two types of
questionnaires

22
STRUCTURED OR FIXED RESPONSE
QUESTION:
Basic Structured Question - offer the respondent a
closed set of responses to choose from.
Example:

How much time do you spend on homework in a

day?
[ ] One hour or less
[ ] Two to three hours
[ ] Four to five hours
[ ] More than five hours
23
Rating and Ranking Questions –

A rating question asks respondents to explain

the degree in which they feel about a certain topic.
Meanwhile, a ranking question asks respondents to
explain how they feel about something by
comparing it to other items in a list.

24
Example of a rating question:

Please describe how you felt about the most recent

school field trip:
[ ] 1: Unsatisfied
[ ] 2: Somewhat satisfied
[ ] 3: Satisfied
[ ] 4: Very satisfied
[ ] 5: Extremely satisfied

25
Example of a ranking question:

Please rank the following schoolwide activities in

order of preference, with 1 being your
most favorite event and 4 being your least favorite:
[ ] Field Trip
[ ] Pep Rally
[ ] Intramurals
[ ] School Dance

26
NON-STRUCTURED OR OPEN-
ENDED QUESTION:
Non-structured or open-ended questions are items
where there is no list of choices to answer. Non-
structured questions are ideally used when you are
exploring new ideas and are not sure what to expect
from the respondents.

Example:
What did you like best about the school fair that
was held last week?
Why did you decide to sign up for the school fair
committee? 27
Partially Structured Questions
-you may have a partial list of answer choices, but
you may still have some doubt or uncertainty about
other possible responses and are open to new ones.

Example:
Why did you decide to sign up for a school fair
committee?
[ ] I wanted to be involved in preparing for the fair.
[ ] I was asked by my teacher to sign up.
[ ] I signed up with my friends.
[ ] I thought it would be a learning experience.
[ ] Other:
______________________________________ 28
Qualities of a Good
Questionnaire:
Designing
a Survey
A good questionnaire should be
valid, reliable, clear, interesting
and succinct.

29
Valid

-should ask for precisely what it

intends to learn.
30
Reliable

-should yield generally the same answer if

the same question is repeatedly posed to
the same respondent within a short amount
of time. 31
Interesting

-This means that the researcher should put some

thought into making sure that the questions are
relevant to the respondent and are arranged in a
logical sequence.

32
Succinct

-asks questions that are straight

to the point and only answer the
research objectives. 33
 Data is gathered Data is gathered

SURVEY METHOD
indirectly directly.
Interviewer Some confidential

INTERVIEW METHOD
should have the information can also be
obtained.
general
knowledge of the We get written and oral
topic. both type of
information.
We get written
information only.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SURVEY 34

 Data Collection through
Observation

Cross-sectional

You only collect data on observed

relationships at a single point in
time.
35
 Case-control

It allows you to set up a “case”

scenario and a “control” scenario,
and then observe and compare
them.
36
 Cohort
You follow a group of people with
similar characteristics over a period of
time.
Ecological
The three methods that were discussed
previously collected data on
individuals or small groups of people.
37
 ASYNCHRONOUS Task #1:
Quiz
After reviewing this week’s recorded lesson and thoroughly studying
the PowerPoint Presentation.
Copy and Paste this link to your browser to access your quiz.
Reminder this quiz is timed.
http://form-timer.com/start/a112e600
38
 ASYNCHRONOUS Task #2:
In this activity, each group will submit their topic and title for their
research paper.
To gain access to the google form, copy and paste the link below:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/
1FAIpQLSfhFNlJt4uVLvmIPdNYDue3JdKliINO05Fj-
_3QFXvKoLuKrw/viewform?usp=sf_link 39
 DEADLINE ON
ASYNCHRONOUS
TASK 1 : NOVEMBER
 NAPALIT, JEAN NICOLE
ORDANEZA, JENARD LESTER
GROUP LOZARITA, KRISTA BERICE GROUP
1 RANARA, HAIZAJIM 3
ESCASINAS, THEA FAYE
ARCEÑO, CHRISTINE ANGELA
BETER, JOH KWELLER
GROUP LAPUZ, EDCEL GROUP
2 4
AMPAC, NIÑA CHRISTINE
DOLOGUIN, JHANE KLAIRE
CAPOTE, ROQUELA JEAN
SAGA, JANE EYRE
MACHAN, HANNAH
SALVALOZA, QUEENS ANN
LABRADOR, KURT MIKHAIL
AGUILAR, JEWEL KATE
PILOTO, DAXEN KAYE
ZANORIA, JEREMY JAMES
OFQUERIA, LEI FRANCINE 41
 ABUCAYON, GABRIEL
ORPINA, CARL
GROUP MANGCAL,FRENCES MEA GROUP
5 7
ALINEA,ANGELICA VIEL
CARIAGA, PAOLO ANTHONY
SUAREZ, PRINCESS CLAIRE
OPADA, RONIEL
GROUP AQUINO, ADRIAN CLYDE GROUP
6 8
ALFECHE, ALYSSA JANE A.
ABANDO, SHAIRA M.
LEONG, STEPHANIE KIM
GENERALAO, WILBERT
SOLIZA, MARY GRACE
DELA CRUZ, DUSTINE JAMES
ARQUERO, CHRISTINE JOY
BARBARONA, JOHNCEE
CAUPIT, KRISTINE MAE
VILLAVERT, PRINCESS FIONA
DIAPANA, GEOFFREY 42
 PACETE, DENISE ABIGAIL LEANILLO, MARGARETTE
YOURSUA, MESHAIKA DIAPANA, GEOFFREY
GROUP ABUEVA, JAZZY P. GROUP MAKILING, HAROLD
9 11
BAUTISTA, RODGE MIGUEL KIMILAT, MARIA KATE
DIERO, HONEY MAE

TABOADA, JEMAILYN
ZAMORA, STEPHANIE
GROUP MACHAN, HANNAH
10
BACALSO, JUN NIKA DOROTHY

43
Choosing a topic and
formulating title
 topics TO AVOID
• Based entirely on personal • Unexplored new
experience or opinion
topics or discussion
• Example:
• Topics that has been
• THRILLS THAT I
ENJOYED: overly studied
WATERSKIING. • Topics that are broad.
• Expounded and elaborated
on single source of
information.
45
How to choose a topic:
• Your interest
• Be Practical
• Focus on specificality. What
is the focus of your study.

46
 TIPS ON FORMULATING A
TOPIC
• Use short but descriptive title.
• Focus on the most important
If your research needed
aspect of your research.
further classification use
• Formulate in in ONLY TEN
subtitle.
OR ELEVEN WORDS.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
Teaching Values at Face Value:
Students’ Perspective on the
Delving into the Politeness
implementation of the
Strategies Used in Kindergarten
Blackboard Learning
Classroom Interaction
Management System
47