Prepare and Monitor Anaesthesia in Animals: The Basic Evolution of Breathing Systems

INHALATION ANAESTHESIA BREATHING SYSTEMS
Prepare and monitor

anaesthesia in animals
The Basic Evolution of
Breathing Systems
The Air We Breathe
N2
Oxygen
O2
CO2
Nitrogen A
Other
The Air We Breathe
• Nitrogen (N2) 78%

• Oxygen (O2) 21%
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.03%
• Argon (A) 0.90%
Normal Breathing Cycle
Actually three(3) stages

1. Inspiration
2. Expiration
3. Expiratory Pause
IN OUT IN OUT
PAUSE PAUSE
In
Out
What is the simplest form of
gaseous Anaesthesia?
Add a Swab soaked in Volatile INHALATION ANAESTHESIA BREATHING SYSTEMS
anaesthetic
• Problems?
– Indoor contamination for
all
– Cannot deliver 100%
O2
– Resistance of breathing
through sponge Anaesthetic-
– Cannot easily regulate Soaked Sponge
anaesthetic dosage
– Vaporisation depends
on ambient temperature
• Chloroform bag, sponge

What about Anaesthetic
delivered from a Vaporiser?
O2 O2+ V
V
Add a Tube
V
Disconnect to Exhale
V
Reconnect
V
...Not practical!
V
How can this be more
practical?
V
Add an Exit hole!
V
Sort of Works
Resistance of fresh flow
gas means exhaled gas
exits at hole
V
But at Low Flows...
Room air drawn in at

low flow rates
V
And at High Flows ...
NO Room air drawn

in at high flow rates –
So OK
V
What flow rate is required?
V
ANSWER: Breathing occurs in a cycle. The flow rate must MATCH the
PEAK RATE of INSPIRATION, which is much more than averaged Minute
Volume
How can wasted flow at the
respiratory pause be saved?
V
Add a collection tube
V
At next inspiration...
V
How can we collect waste
gases?
V
Add a collection tube

We’ll make the tube wide
to reduce resistance to
exhalation
V
How can we monitor
respiration?
V
Add a bag!
(with an exit hole)
V
How can we improveINHALATION ANAESTHESIA BREATHING SYSTEMS
this orientation?
V
Change orientation of the ‘T’!

Less resistance to
exhalation
V
Change orientation of the ‘T’

Less resistance to
exhalation
So we have a’T-Piece’
T-Piece
Fresh Gas
Reservoir Bag Patient

Inspiration
Fresh Gas

Expiration
Fresh Gas
Tracheal O2 Lung CO2

Respiratory Pause
Fresh Gas
Patient
Can we reduce
tube clutter?
V
Put one tube inside the other!
V
i.e. Co-axial
So we have a Mini-Bains
Also pre-warms inspired gas a little

Bain (Mini Bain) < 10kg
Fresh Gas
Patient
More changes
Special connection to Valve

common gas outlet
V So we have a Standard-Bains
Add Bigger bag

Bain (Standard) > 10kg
Expiratory Valve
Fresh Gas Patient
Reservoir Bag
So, how might we reduce the need for
high flow rates for the earlier system?
O2 O2+ V
V
Add a Reservoir Bag!
O2 O2+ V
V
ANSWER: Reservoir bag fills during respiratory pause but is drawn in
during inspiration – thus less fresh gas flow is wasted in trying to match the
peak inspiratory flow.
The other way, entirely impractical, would be to continually adjust the fresh
gas flow rate to match the respiratory cycle
Ok, reservoir bag means we have
INHALATIONnow have
ANAESTHESIA lower
BREATHING SYSTEMS
flow rates – but this increases the inspiration of

room air. How can we stop this?
O2 O2+ V
V
Add a One-Way Valve
O2 O2+ V
V
Expiration
O2 O2+ V
V
O2 O2+ V
V
Magill
Expiratory Valve
Fresh Gas Patient
Reservoir Bag
Inspiration
Fresh Gas
Early Expiration

Fresh Gas
Tracheal O2 also known as Dead Space Gas

Lung CO2 also known as Alveolar Gas
Respiratory Pause

Fresh Gas
What about collecting Waste
gas?
O2 O2+ V
V
Expiratory Valve
is remote from head Lack
Fresh Gas Patient

Circle
Aims of a Circle System
• Reduce waste by re-using expired

– Oxygen
– Volatile anaesthetic
• Warm inspired gases
• Humidify inspired gases
Vaporiser outside circle

Pop-Off Valve
Inspiratory One-Way Valve
O2 O2+ V
V
10mL/kg/min O2
metabolised
Anaesthetic
vapour absorbed
Soda
Lime Expiratory One-Way Valve
CO2 removed
Virtually a closed system – Is there any ‘give’
to cope with peaks & troughs of breathing?
Reservoir Bag!
V Also useful for
monitoring & IPPV
Soda
Lime
Vaporiser inside circle

O2
V
10mL/kg/min O2
metabolised
Anaesthetic
vapour absorbed
Soda
Lime
CO2 removed
Parallel Tubes
Circle Tube-in-Tube
•Large (>10kg) (Universal F-Circuit,
•
Paediatric (7-10kg) King modification)
‘F-Piece’
Rebreathing Hoses
Y-Piece
To & Fro
• Convenient for horses
horizontal vertical
The End

Prepare and Monitor Anaesthesia in Animals: The Basic Evolution of Breathing Systems

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INHALATION ANAESTHESIA BREATHING SYSTEMS

Prepare and monitor

The Air We Breathe

The Air We Breathe

• Nitrogen (N2) 78%

Normal Breathing Cycle

Actually three(3) stages

• Chloroform bag, sponge

delivered from a Vaporiser?

Add an Exit hole!

But at Low Flows...

Room air drawn in at

And at High Flows ...

NO Room air drawn

What flow rate is required?

respiratory pause be saved?

Add a collection tube

Add a collection tube

Change orientation of the ‘T’!

Change orientation of the ‘T’

Reservoir Bag Patient

Reservoir Bag Patient

Reservoir Bag Patient

Tracheal O2 Lung CO2

Put one tube inside the other!

Also pre-warms inspired gas a little

Bain (Mini Bain) < 10kg

Special connection to Valve

Add Bigger bag

Bain (Standard) > 10kg

Fresh Gas Patient

Add a Reservoir Bag!

flow rates – but this increases the inspiration of

Add a One-Way Valve

Fresh Gas Patient

Tracheal O2 Lung CO2

Tracheal O2 also known as Dead Space Gas

Tracheal O2 Lung CO2

Fresh Gas Patient

Aims of a Circle System

• Reduce waste by re-using expired

Vaporiser outside circle

Vaporiser inside circle

• Convenient for horses

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