Research

Referencing

HARVARD
 Harvard Style of Referencing
A GUIDE ...
 How to refer to writers in your texts.
 A formula for each type of resource, i.e. video, book, journal, web page electronic journal.
 How to create a proper bibliography.

NOTE
 ibid. When two or more references are from the same publication following on immediately
 op. cit. When two or more references are from the same publication but are not consecutive
 Ellipsis ( ... ) Omission of one or more words in a sentence, is indicated by three spaced dots
 One author: Surname forename/initial Beech N (2002)
 Two authors: Both names as above Beech N & Sun X (2002)
 Three or more authors: Surname of first followed by “et. al”
HARVARD REFERENCING
Why You Have to Use it?
 Evidence of background reading
 Acknowledge the research of others
 Avoid accusations of plagiarism
 Makes you include complete information
 Easy to trace the background research used
 Helps other researchers

HARVARD REFERENCING
Where can you get help?
 On Skills for Learning Web pages
 Buy ‘Quote Unquote’ at enquiry desks
 Information Points - short list of examples
 Know-it-All One Hour Workshops
HARVARD REFERENCING
Some language explained
 CITING - acknowledging in the text

 BIBLIOGRAPHY - list of sources

 REFERENCE - detailed description of

works used
HARVARD
How Does It Work?
 There are 2 elements to referencing
other people’s work:
 One, is in the body of the text or in the
middle of your essay or report, when
you refer to someone’s ideas
 Two, is at the back of your work when
you list everything you have referred to
in full
CITING IN THE TEXT

 Authors surname and year of publication

in brackets e.g.,

The work of Dee (1998) Sutcliffe (1999) and

Reid (2000) concludes that listening is a
learnt skill and not a natural skill.
CITING IN THE TEXT
Direct Quotes
 Name, Year & Page number appear in
brackets. e.g.,

Rawson states that “Learning to learn has

become a part of the skills agenda”
(Rawson, 2000 p.1)
CITING IN THE TEXT
MULTIPLE AUTHORS
 3 or fewer authors:

e.g., Cutler,T. Williams,K. & Williams,J.

(1989)

 4 or more authors:

e.g., Matlock,J. et al. (1996)

THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
What Is It ?
 Alphabetical list at the end of your work
 The bibliography gives the FULL
reference
 The following formulas are to make sure
that you do not miss out a crucial fact
and then fail to trace that work again
BOOKS
Include the following information:
 Author(s) / Editor(s)
 Year in brackets
 Title and Subtitle (Underlined)
 Series ( if present)
 Edition
 Place of publication
 Publishers name
BOOK CITATION
In the bibliography
e.g.,
Spence, B. ed. (1993) Secondary school
management in the 1990’s: challenge and
change. Aspects of Education Series, 48.
London, Independent Publishers.

e.g.,
Mohr, L.B. (1996) Impact for analysis for
program evaluation. 2nd ed. London, Sage.
EXAMPLE EXERCISE

You have read a book called ‘New directions in

action research’
It was published in 1996.
The location of the publisher is London.
The publishers name is Falmer Press and it was
edited by Ortrun Zuber-Skerrit.

Translate this into a Harvard Reference

Right order & punctuation

Zuber-Skerritt, O. ed. (1996)

New directions in action research.
London,
Falmer Press.
CORRECT REFERENCE

Zuber-Skerritt, O. ed. (1996) New

directions in action research. London,
Falmer Press.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Include the following information:
 AUTHOR(S) of article
 YEAR in brackets
 ARTICLE Title
 JOURNAL Title (Underlined)
 VOLUME, Part, Issue, Month/Season
 PAGE numbers
JOURNAL ARTICLE
e.g.,
Lucas, K.B. & Lidstone, J.G. (2000) Ethical
Issues in Teaching About Research
Ethics. Evaluation and Research in
Education,14 (1) pp.53-64
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
You have read in a journal called
‘Studies in Higher Education’
an article called: ‘Learning to Learn: more than
a skills set.’ by Mike Rawson.
It was published this year.
It is issue number 2
Pages 225 - 238 and is volume number 25
Translate this into Harvard style
Right order & punctuation

Rawson, Mike. (2000)

Learning to Learn: more that a skill set.
Studies in Higher Education.
25 (2)
pp.225 - 238
CORRECT REFERENCE

Rawson, Mike. (2000) Learning to

Learn:more that a skill set. Studies in
Higher Education. 25 (2) pp.225 - 238
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
e.g.,
Baty, P. (1998) Learners are born, says
report. Times Higher Education
Supplement, 16th January, p.5
‘In’ References
Include the following information in this
order:
 Author of chapter/section
 Year of publication (in brackets)
 Title of chapter/section
 In: followed by
 Author/Editor of collected work
 Title of the collected work (Underlined)
 Place of publication
 Publisher’s name
 Page numbers
‘In’ References
e.g., Porter, M.A. (1993) The modification
of method in researching postgraduate
education. In: Burgess, R.G. ed. The
research process in educational
settings:ten case studies. London,
Falmer Press.
FILM & VIDEO
Include the following information in this
order:
 Series title
 Series number
 Year (in brackets)
 Programme title (underlined)
 Place of Publication
 Publisher’s name
 Date of transmission
 [Medium:Format]
VIDEO
e.g.,
World in Action (1995) All work and no
play. London, ITV, 21st January
[video:VHS]
Web Pages
Include the following information in this
order:
 Author/Editor
 Year (In brackets)
 Title
 [Internet]
 Edition
 Place of publication
 Publishers name (if available)
 Available from: <URL>[Accessed date]
World-Wide Web Document
e.g.,
Holland, M. (1996) Harvard System
[Internet] Poole, Bournemouth
University. Available from:
<http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service
depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html>
[Accessed 15 Apr 1996]
Electronic Journal
Include the following information in this
order:
 Author(s)/Editor
 Year (in brackets)
 Title of Article
 Title of journal (underlined)
 [type of medium]
 Date of publication,volume, issue, page number
 <Availability Statement>
 Date of accession
‘E’ Journal Citation
Smith, J. (1996) Time to go home. Journal
of Hyperactivity [Internet] 12th October,
6 (4) pp.122-3. Available from:
<http://www.lmu.ac.uk> [Accessed June
6th, 1997]
Sample Bibliography
Bennett,H. Gunter,H & Reid,S. (1996) Through
a glass darkly:images of appraisal. Journal of
Teacher Development, 5 (3) October, pp 39-46.

Now Voyager (1942) Directed by Irving Rapper.

New York,Warner [Film:35mm]

Smith,B. (1999) Learning Styles. London,

Academic Press