KONERU LAKSHMAIAH EDUCATION

FOUNDATION
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
I/IV B.TECH IST SEM
COURSE: MATHEMATICS FOR
COMPUTING

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Session 3
Rank of a Matrix
A matrix is said to be of rank r when
i. It has at least one non-zero minor of order r and
ii. Every minor of order higher than r vanishes.
Rank of the matrix A is denoted (A).
If A is a matrix of order mxn, (A) min(m,n)

There is a minor of order 2, which

is not zero.
 ∴ ρ (A) = 2
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Echelon Form
To find the rank for higher order matrices. (4x4, 5x6, 10x9
etc) which will occur in real life applications. It is very
difficult by applying the previous method. In this case we
use Echelon form to find the rank of the matrix.
To reduce given matrix to echelon form, we apply the following
elementary row transformations
Elementary Row Operations
1. Interchange any two rows.
2. Multiply a row with a nonzero number.
3. Add a row to another one multiplied by nonzero number.

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What is an Echelon form?

A Matrix is in Echelon form if,

1. The first (from left to right) nonzero entry of any
row is to the left of the first nonzero entry of any
lower row.
2. Any row consisting of all zeros is below any row that
contains at least one nonzero number.

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EXAMPLE OF ECHELON FORM

1 2 1 3  1 2 2 0 
0 1 2 0  0 1 1 2 
   
0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 

Note
The Number of non zero rows in echelon form = rank of the Matrix=
number of linearly independent row vectors of the echelon form.
•

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Example for non-Echelon form

1 2 1 3  1 2 1 3 
0 0 0 1  0 0 0 0
   
0 0 2 3 0 0 2 0 

• The above matrices are not in Echelon form.

• In the first matrix, the first nonzero entry in the second row is
in fourth position whereas the first nonzero entry in the third
row is in third position. So, it violated condition (1)

• In the second matrix, the row (second) with all zeros is above a
row (third) with two nonzero entries. So, it violated condition
(2).

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Rank of a Matrix by using Echelon Form

When the matrix is in Echelon form, rank of the

matrix is the number of nonzero linearly
independent rows.
1 2 2 0 
1 2 1 3   0 1 1 2 
   
2 Let B 
 
1.Let A= 0 1 2 0   0 0 0 0 
0 0 2 3
Two rows of B are nonzero and
All rows of A are nonzero and
non of the non zero rows is a scalar
no rowis a scalar multiple of any
multiple of other one. So there are
other two rows. So there are three
two linearly independent rows.
linearly independent rows.
Hence   B   2.
Hence   A   3.

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Obtain the Rank of the coefficient matrix for the
following system of equations
2x+3y+z=6, 4x+5y+z=10,x+y+3z=5.
Solution: To find the coefficient matrix, we express
the system of equations in the matrix form AX=B.
The matrix form of the above system of equations

 2 3 1  x   6 
    
AX  B   4 5 1  y   10  
1 1 3  z   5 
To find the rank of the coefficient matrix A , we reduce it to Echelon
form applying elementary row transformation.

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 2 3 1

The coefficient matrix A= 4 5 1
1 1 3
1 1 3
Applying R1  R 3 , A   4  5 1 
 2 3 1
Applying R 2  R 2  4R 1 , R 3  R 3  2R 1
 1 1 3  1 1 3 
 4 5 1  0 1 11
   
 2 3 1 0 1 5 
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Applying R3  R3  R2
1 1 3  1 1 3 
0 1 11   0 1 11
   
0 1 5   0 0 6 
In the transformed matrix, there are three
linearly independent rows.
Hence the rank of the coeficient matrix A is 3.

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Carolyn invests a total of $12,000 in two municipal
bonds, one paying 10.5% interest and the other paying
12% interest. The annual interest earned on the two
investments last year was $1,335. How much was
invested at each rate? Model this phenomena by a
system of linear equations and hence obtain the rank of
the coefficient matrix?.
• Solution:
Let x be the amount invested at 10.5% interest, and
y be the amount invested at 12% interest.
Since the total amount available to her is $12,000,
x+y=12,000 --------(1)
Interest earned on the two investments is
 10.5   12 
x  y   0.105 x  0.12 y
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Since the interest earned on the investment is $1335
0.105 x  0.12 y  1335       2 
 1 1 
Coefficient Matrix A   
 0 .105 0 .12 
U sin gTransformation
R 2  R 2  0.105R1
1 1 
A 
 0 0 .015 
So rank is 2

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• The simultaneous equations are
x  y  12000
0.105x  0.12y  1335

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• If A is a 3x3 Matrix, we can decide the co planarity, co linearity
and linear independency of vectors basing on the following
facts.
1. Rank is zero if If given Matrix is a zero Matrix.
2. Rank is one if all the three vectors of the matrix are
collinear.
3. Rank is two if all the three vectors of the matrix are
coplanar.
4. Rank is three if all the three vectors of the matrix are non
coplanar

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 Whether the vectors [1 -2 3], [-2 4 6], [3 -6 9] are
coplanar or not?  1 2 3
A   2 4 6 
 3 6 9 
Applying Row Transformations
R 2  R 2  2R1 , R 3  R 3  3R1
1 2 3
A  0 0 9 
0 0 0 
Rank is 2
so coplanar
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• Verify whether the vectors[1 1 2], [3 -1 2], [4 0 4]
are coplanar or not?
• Determine whether the following vectors in matrix
form are linearly independent or not? Justify?

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Practice problems
• Ava invests a total of $10,000 in three accounts, one paying 5%
interest, another paying 8% interest, and the third paying 9%
interest. The annual interest earned on the three investments last
year was $770. The amount invested at 9% was twice the amount
invested at 5%. Determine the coefficient Matrix and find the
rank of the phenomena.

•  A florist is making 5 identical bridesmaid bouquets for a

wedding. She has $610 to spend (including tax) and
wants 24 flowers for each bouquet. Roses cost $6 each, tulips
cost $4 each, and lilies cost $3 each. She wants to have twice as
many roses as the other 2 flowers combined in each bouquet.
Obtain the rank of the coefficient matrix of the phenomena

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Home work problems

1. Determine the rank of the following matrix

2. Construct the a Matrix with row vectors as [2 -4 6], [-4 8

12], [6 -12 18] hence evaluate its rank.

3. Obtain the Matrix with column vectors as [1 1 2], [3 -1 2],

[4 0 4] hence evaluate its rank.

4. Mr X invests a total of Rs 2,000 in government securities,

one paying 10% interest and the other paying 15% interest.
Obtain the coefficient Matrix and determine the rank.
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5. Determine the rank of the Matrix

6. Determine the rank of the Matrix

7. Determine the rank of the matrix

8. Determine the rank of the Matrix

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 THANK YOU

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