Linear Algebra and Differential Equations

Unit I

Duration: 10 Hrs.

Rank of Matrix, System of linear equations, Vector space,

Subspace of vector space, Linear span, Linear independence and
dependence, Basis, Dimension.
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 Types of Matrices
• Row and Column Matrix
• Square Matrix
• Diagonal Matrix
• Scalar Matrix
• Identity /Unit Matrix
• Zero Matrix
• Transpose of a Matrix
• Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrix
• Orthogonal matrix.
• Hermitian Matrix
• Skew Hermitian Matrix
• Unitary Matrix
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 R A N K O F A M AT R I X

Let A is a nonzero matrix. Then the integer

r is called the rank of A if:

1.There exists at least one minor of order r

of A which is non zero and

2.Every minor of order greater than r is

zero.
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 • Find the rank of matrix
2 4 1 
A  3 6 2
4 8 3 
• Solution
| A | 2(18  16)  4(9  8)  1(24  24)  0
Further
4 1
20
6 2

 RankA  2

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 Remarks……

 The rank of a null matrix is zero.

 The rank of a nonsingular square matrix of order r is r.

 The rank of matrix remains unchanged by elementary transformations.

 The rank of transpose of matrix is equal to rank of matrix.

 The rank of a unit matrix of order n is n.

 The rank of diagonal matrix of order n whose all diagonal elements are
non zero is n.

 The rank of product of two matrices cannot exceed the rank of either
matrix.

 Rank of any matrix ≥1.

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 E L E M E N AT RY T R A N S F O R M AT I O N

Following changes made in the elements of any matrix are called

elementary transactions:

(i) Interchanging any two rows (or columns) .

(ii) Multiplying all the elements of any row (or column) by a non-zero
real number.

(iii) Adding non-zero scalar multitudes of all the elements of any row
(or columns) into the corresponding elements of any another row (or
column).

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 ECHELON FORM
A rectangular matrix is in echelon form if it has the following properties:

• All nonzero rows are above any rows of all zeros

• Each leading entry of a row is in a column to the right of the leading entry of
the row above it

• All entries in a column below a leading entry are zeros

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 H o w t o Tr a n s f o r m a M a t r i x I n t o I t s E c h e l o n
Forms& to find rank of Matrix?
By a series of finite number of row transformations, a matrix can be
transformed into an row echelon form which is not unique.

1. If is zero, use row operation and bring the non zero element in the first
row.

2. Now if then use row operation and convert it into unity.

3. Using suitable row operations, convert &……into zero.

4. Repeat this procedure for other rows.

5. Rank
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of matrix is number of non-zero rows. 15
 PROBLEMS
Find the rank of the matrix (by minor form)

 2 1 1 1 2 3

A   0 3 2   
A  2 4 6
 2 4 3  3 6 9 

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 PROBLEMS

Reduce the matrix to row-echelon form and find its rank

1 2 1 3
1 2 1  1 1 2 6  4 1 2 
2 
1 0  3 7 4 8   1

3 3 1    3 1 1 2
   2 8 1 9   
4 5 2 1 2 0 1

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 PROBLEMS

Analyse the rank of the matrix for different values of k

1 k 3 
4 3 k 
 
 2 1 2 

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 PROBLEMS

For what values of p the matrix

p p 2

A  2 p p 
 p 2 p 
has (i) rank 1, (ii) rank 2, or (iii) rank 3.

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 System of linear equations

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 System
P RofOlinear
B L Eequations
MS

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 System
P RofOlinear
B L Eequations
MS

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 System
P RofOlinear
B L Eequations
MS

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 System
P RofOlinear
B L Eequations
MS

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 PROBLEMS

Solve:

3 x  3 y  2 z  1;
x  2 y  4;
10 y  3 z  2
2x  3y  z  5
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 PROBLEMS

x  2 y  z  1;
x  y  2 z  9;
2x  y  z  2
x  2; y  1; z  3
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 PROBLEMS

5 x  3 y  7 z  4;
3 x  26 y  2 z  9;
7 x  2 y  10 z  5

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 System
P RofOlinear
B L Eequations
MS

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 PROBLEMS

Solve:

x  3 y  2 z  0;
2 x  y  4 z  0;
x  11 y  14 z  0
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 PROBLEMS

x  y  2 z  0;
3 x  2 y  4 z  0;
4 x  3 y  3z  0
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 PROBLEMS

4. For what value of k the equations are consistent? Also solve

the system for these values of k.
x  2 y  z  3;
x  y  z  k;
3x  y  3z  k 2
Determine value of a and b for which the system has (i) no
5. solution (ii) unique solution (iii) infinite number of solutions.
Find the solution in case (ii) and (iii).
x  y  z  6;
x  2 y  3 z  10;
x  2 y  az  b
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 PROBLEMS

6. For what value of λ the equations will have no unique

solutions? Will the equations have any solution for this value
of λ?
3 x  2 y   z  1;
2 x  y  z  2;
x  2 y   z  1
7. For what value of λ the equations will have a solutions? Will
the equations have any solution for this value of λ?

x  y   z  1;
x  2 y  4 z  ;
2
x  4 y  10 z  
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