English Grammar, A Crash Course

English Grammar
by Dr Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini
This manuscript entails a thorough crash course in English language grammar.

.At the end, it also presents what you need to communicate in a RESTAURANT
Follow me on Instagram:@drsmhhosseini
to see my introductory videos about my edu-political theories, bookticles and
.seminal transformative approach to teaching
====================
.‫اين اولينم را به تو كه بعد از خداوند قادر همواره شفيق و مونس و غمخوارم بودي تقديم ميدارم‬
.‫باشد كه برگ برگ آن همچون برگهاي باران زده گلهاي بهاري آسمان روحت را عطر اگين كند‬
Pronounces
• I am S.M.H.Hosseini. I have English classes. My English classes are private.
• You are a dentist. You have an expensive office. Your office is spacious.
• He is my friend. He has an apartment. His apartment is small.
• She is a judge. She has a very big garden. Her garden is beautiful.
•
• It is a parrot. It has a cage. Its cage is golden.
• We are fat cats. We have a lot of dollars. Our dollars are American.
• You are poor. You have nothing. Your room is old.
• They are from England. They have a huge airport. Their airport is in Japan.
Sentence Structure in English
‫فاعل‬+‫فعل‬
Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini, PhD in English L. Teaching - www.drelt.ir
• I teach. To with
‫فعل كمكي‬
• I can teach. Could, Must , have to, should, ought to, need
‫قید تکرار‬
• I can always teach. Often, sometimes, usually, rarely, seldom, never
)‫ مستقيم‬F‫اسم (مفعول‬
• I can always teach English.
‫صفت‬
• I can always teach American English. Fruit juice food foot
)‫اسم (مفعول غیر مستقيم‬
• I can always teach American English to students. Buy
‫صفت‬
• I can always teach American English to desirous students.
‫قيد حالت‬
• I can always teach American English to desirous students carefully. Carelessly tactfully slowly
‫قيد مکان‬
• I can always teach American English to desirous students carefully in my private classroom.
‫قيد زمان‬
• I can always teach American English to desirous students carefully in my apartment every day.
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، ‫ی‬
، ‫موزش‬#‫ت‬
‫دما آ‬#‫خ‬:
Expanding Sentence Structures
• What do you see in the picture?
• Bird. (1 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
• A bird. (2 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
• I see a bird. (3 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
• I see a bird on a tree. (4 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
• I see a happy bird on a tree. (5 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
• I see a happy bird on a long tree. (6 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree. (7 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
•
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree in a jungle. (10 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree in a beautiful jungle. (11 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
•
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree in a beautiful jungle. It eats apple. (15 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree in a beautiful jungle. It eats a red apple. (16 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
•
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree in a beautiful jungle. It eats a red apple. A lion is under the tree. (20 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
•
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree in a beautiful jungle. It eats a red apple. A lion is under the tree. The lion is strong and angry. (50 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
•
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree in a beautiful jungle. It eats a red apple. A lion is under the tree. The lion is strong and angry. It has two babies. (70 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
•
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree in a beautiful jungle. It eats a red apple. A lion is under the tree. The lion is strong and angry. It has two babies. The small baby is thin but the big baby is fat. (90 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
•
• I see a happy bird on a long green tree in a beautiful jungle. It eats a red apple. A lion is under the tree. The lion is strong and angry. It has two babies. The small baby is thin but the big baby is fat. I love the beautiful
jungle. (100 #‫مره‬##‫ن‬
•
• ‫میتونید ادامه بدید‬:
•
• It is a hippo behind the tree…..
• They are 3 dogs in the jungle. ….
• She is my sister. She is tall and smart.
• He is my friend. He plays football…..
•
• ‫ یکی از اهداف مهم من در کالس اینه که شما کم کم بتونید خالقانه تفکر کنید که در موسسات‬.‫ نزدیکتر میشه‬100 ‫ اما اگه بتونید خالقیت بیشتری بخرج بدید و جمالت بیشتری بگید نمره شما به‬.‫ بگید نمره رو گرفتید‬3 ‫برا سوال باال بتونید برا هر تصویر دو سه تا جمله در حد جمله شماره‬
‫از این مهم غفلت میشه‬.
Two or more Verbs in a Sentence
1. Verb + Infinitive
• THEY want ……. the truth.

• a. to hide b. hide c. hiding d. hid
• THEY asked/told/ordered me to keep silent!
• I am determined not to ignore their atrocities.
• Since I decided to shed light on their true nature, THEY promised to take
revenge of me!
• It is dangerous to fight against corrupt prophet-face ayatolSatan.

، ‫ی‬
Two Verbs in a Sentence
2. Verb + Bare Infinitive
• I should be ready for everything.
• My friends help/have /let/make me write bookticles about the dictator’s genocide.
• My friends help/have /let/make bookticles written.
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، ‫ی‬
www.drelt.ir - Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini, PhD in English L. Teaching
abhor endure postpone
acknowledge enjoy practice
admit escape prevent
advise evade postpone, put off
allow explain recall
anticipate fancy recollect
appreciate find, fear recommend
avoid feel like report
be worth quit, involve, feign resent
can’t help finish resist
celebrate forget, forgive resume
confess hope, hate, give up (stop) risk
consider keep (continue) shirk
desire, defend keep on shun
deny, delay imagine, mean, mention Stop, suggest
detest mind (object to) support
discontinue miss tolerate
discuss necessitate understand
dislike omit urge
dispute permit wish, warrant
www.drelt.ir - Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini, PhD in English L. Teaching
3. Verb + Gerund
• I found THEM misusing ahadis and ravayat for further exploitation of the people!
• I enjoy having her beside me.

• I do not enjoy having her beside me.
• I enjoy not having her beside me.

• I do not enjoy not having her beside me.
4. Preposition / compound verb + Gerund

Instead of, keep on, look forward to, look for, look after, interested in, afraid of, responsible for, etc.
• I’m tired of listening to their ridiculous preaches.
• I thought about writing an article about “Distinguishing between Ayatollah and AyatolSatan”.
• I’m really interested in introducing their very true nature.

، ‫ی‬
5. Verb + Gerund or Infinitive, the same meanings:
start, begin, can’t bear, can’t stand, continue, propose

THEY started torturing my mind since I introduced my Didactic Weapon to educators. Or THEY started to torture my
mind since I introduced my Didactic Weapon to educators.
allow, advise, permit, recommend

• THEY do not allow establishing the language institute!
• THEY do not allow me to establish my own language institute!
6. Verb + Gerund or Infinitive with different meanings:

forget, regret, remember
• I forgot sending my letter to German leaders.
• I forgot to send my letter to German leaders.
stop, go on, try, used to
• I stopped asking questions.
• I stopped to ask questions.
like, hate, love, prefer
• I like teaching. Or I like to teach.

، ‫ی‬
7. Verb + Bare Infinitive or Gerund with different meanings:
smell, hear, see, watch, look, listen, seem, feel

• I saw the ayatolSatan deceive the people.
• I saw ayatolSatan deceiving the people.
• The ayatolSatan was seen to deceive the people.

، ‫ی‬
Adjectives ‫فات‬FF‫ص‬
A. Dictators behave like wild animals.
B. Dictators are/sound/seem/look/smell/appear/grow/become oppressive.
C. beautiful flower / Flower beautiful He is dictator oppressive.
Positive Adj: 1. Saddam was mean.
2. Saddam was oppressive.
Comparison of Equality: 1. Gaddafi was as mean as Saddam.

2. Gaddafi was as oppressive as Saddam.
Comparative Adj: 1. Pinochet was meaner than Saddam and Gaddafi.

2. Pinochet was more oppressive than Saddam and Gaddafi.
Superlative Adj: 1. Moaviyeh was the meanest (of all).

2. Moaviyeh was the most oppressive (of all).
I have a beautiful long black Italian leather rain coat. ‫فاتحکارمج‬#

: #‫یریص‬#‫رارگ‬##‫رتیبق‬###‫ت‬
، ‫ی‬
too / so // either / neither
ictators can lie. • Muslims cannot lie.

heir followers can lie, too. Or • Their leaders cannot lie, either. Or
o can their followers. • Neither can their leaders.
mperialism marginalizes thinkers. • Muslims do not marginalize thinkers.

otalitarians marginalize thinkers, too. Or. • Their leaders do not marginalize thinkers, either. Or
o do totalitarians. • Neither do their leaders.
ictators love power and wealth.

• Dictators do not tolerate thinkers.
apitalism loves power and wealth, too. Or
o does Capitalism.
• Imperialism does not tolerate thinkers, either. Or
• Neither does Imperialism.
addam killed his people.
addafi killed his people, too. Or • Saddam did not apologize his people.
o did Gaddafi. • Gaddafi did not apologize his people, either. Or
• Neither did Gaddafi.
can remember the martyrs. They can remember the
• They can’t forgive the despot. We can’t forgive the despot.
artyrs.
• They can’t forgive the despot and we can’t either.
an remember the martyrs and they can too.
• They can’t forgive the despot and neither can we.
can remember the martyrs and so can they.
enough // too
have enough awakening bookticles/speeches to be targeted by Imperialism and Capitalism’s hirelings.

do not have enough power to protect myself from Imperialism and Capitalism’s hirelings.
vilized leaders are smart enough to cope with their critics.

was not tolerable enough for the dictator to tolerate.
hey interrupt my daily life regularly enough to satisfy their corrupt leaders.
he judge did not issue his verdict quickly enough not to be suspected as the Mafia coordinator.
he dictator lied loudly enough for the people all over the world to hear.
he dictator is an engineer. I am an engineer, too.

he dictator seems too strong to overthrow.
he freedom zone they exaggerate about is too limited for critical thinkers to put up with.
he dictator rules too brutally to finish his governance in peace.
he hatred sense towards the oppressive regime spreads too quickly for the regime to manage.
HEY cannot save their regime easily because of its too many crises.
here is too much corruption under a tyrannical regime.
e have too many corrupt organizations in our country.
oo many terrifying genocides contributed to an unpredicted overthrow of the despot.
oo much uncontrolled hypocrisy, corruption , injustice, oppression and barbarity will put an end to their kingdom.
ecause of too much smoking the people die at an early age.
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، ‫ی‬
so
mperialist countries are very/so smart. They harness totalitarian regimes to their best advantages.
mperialist countries are so smart (that they harness totalitarian regimes to their best advantages).
Because Imperialist countries are so smart, they harness totalitarian regimes to their best advantages.
Prophet-faced dictators exploit their people so sophisticatedly (that no one realizes their act of betrayal).
HEY have infused so many (destroying) beliefs into their peoples’ minds (that no scholar dares talk again
HEY have so many (antediluvian) beliefs to share (that THEY can never ignore injecting them into their pe
books!)
HEY have studied so few (scientific) books (that THEY cannot satisfy their people).
Dictators have so little tolerance (that THEY find it impossible to let a critic be free).
HEY have so much money in their private bank accounts (that people cannot imagine how wealthy THEY a
Dictators play the role of God so often that THEY come to the conclusion THEY need not believe in God any

، ‫ی‬
such
• I have never thought of such a beautiful idea.
• He is such a dictator that he likes to massacre all his critics’ generations for his own generation’s
survival!
• They are such mean commanders that they prefer money to their people and country.
• It was such an awakening book that the dictator’s special guard banned it!
• They were such awakening teachers that the dictator’s terrorized their personalities,
marginalized and eventually poisoned them to death!
• In the present civilized world, HE is such a barbarous oppressor that every one hates HIM and
the religion HE pretends to believe in!
• Indian have such (attractive) democracy that most nations dream of having it.

، ‫ی‬
so / such / too / enough
• The dictator is very oppressive. We cannot tolerate him.
• Because/Since/As the dictator is very oppressive, we cannot tolerate him.

• The dictator is so oppressive (that we cannot tolerate him).
• The dictator rules so oppressively (that we cannot tolerate him)!
• The dictator is too oppressive (for us) to tolerate.
• The dictator rules too oppressively to tolerate.
• The dictator is not humane enough to tolerate.
• The dictator does not rule compassionately enough to tolerate.
• He is such a brutal dictator (that we cannot tolerate him).
• .………………………………….…..……
• ***The real measure of a dictator's wealth is how much he would be worth if he lost his soldiers and
possessions (i.e., the people), after they are awaken.
• -- Dr S.M.H.Hosseini, Iran
• ------------------------------------------------
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، ‫ی‬
should/must/can/could/may/might + have + PP
The dictator must have some problems: HE is beseeching the Imperialism.
There is chaos everywhere in the country. There must have been intolerable hypocrisy, injustice, corru
oppression, barbarity and condescending look towards the people during the last decades.
THEY mustn’t have been able to control the inflation. The prices are gaining momentum.
The dictator can’t be a human. He scarifies even the innocent family members of his critics!
The supreme court could have helped the victim’s family in 1380. (It was able to. But it didn’t!)
THEY can't/ couldn’t have denied the murder. There was enough evidence that THEY have poisoned th
THEY couldn’t have ignored the benefits of deceiving the people. (So THEY didn’t try to).
The Oppressed may/ might (not) be able to contribute to a revolution at present. - I’m not sure.
THEY can’t find the bank manager! HE might have left the country!
HE was a clergyman. HE may not have helped the criminals.
Imperialism should cooperate with dictators, in order to harness them to its best advantages.
The former Shah should have cooperated with Imperialism. (But he didn’t and so was overthrown.
Gaddafi shouldn’t have trusted the Imperialism. (But he did and so was overthrown.)

، ‫ی‬
‫تست کنکور‬
• Why didn’t father answer the doorbell? B: “He … the b

• a. should not have heard b. may not have heard
• c. should not hear d. might not hear
• Let’s go out and have a walk. The rain … by now.

• a. must stop b. must be stopped
• c. must have stopped d. must have been stopped

، ‫ی‬
Relative Pronouns )‫ماير ارتباطي(موصولي‬FF‫ ض‬Seyed
Mohammad Hassan Hosseini, PhD in English L. Teaching - www.drelt.ir
F‫مقدمه‬
‫فاعلی‬.‫انعکاسی ض‬.‫ض‬ ‫فاعلی‬.‫ض‬ ‫مفعولی‬.‫ملکی ض‬.‫ص‬ ‫فاعلی‬.‫ملکی ض‬.‫ض‬
• I myself am a teacher. THEY have to give me my God-given rights. They’re mine.

• You yourself are a student. THEY have to give you your God-given rights. They’re yours.
• He himself is a worker. THEY have to give him his God-given rights. They’re his.
• She herself is a nurse. THEY have to give her her God-given rights. They’re hers.
• It itself is an animal. THEY have to give it its God-given rights. They’re its.
• We ourselves are the Oppressed. THEY have to give us our God-given rights. They’re ours.
• You yourselves are the poor. THEY have to give you your God-given rights. They’re yours.
• They themselves are a people betrayed. THEY have to give them their God-given rights. They’re theirs.

، ‫ی‬
Relative Pronouns )‫ماير ارتباطي(موصولي‬FF‫ض‬
who, whom, which, that, whose / where, when, what, why
)‫ مرجع انسان (فاعل‬+ who + ‫فعل‬
•THEY make blind slaves out of the poor/orphans. They are available everywhere.
•THEY make blind slaves out of the poor/orphans who/that are available everywhere.
•The police commander is corrupt. He cooperates with burglars and murderers.

•The police commander who/that cooperates with burglars and murderers is corrupt.
•The police commander who/that is corrupt cooperates with burglars and murderers.
•He was the policeman who/that revolutionized my thoughts.
)‫ مرجع انسان (مفعول‬+ whom + ‫فاعل‬

•The corrupt judge supports the city burglars and murderers. The Mafia bribe him into stabbing the people in the
back.
•The corrupt judge (whom/who/that)the Mafia bribe into stabbing the people in the back supports the city
burglars and murderers.
•He was the judge (whom/that) I met at a national prayer ceremony!

، ‫ی‬
Relative Pronouns )‫ماير ارتباطي(موصولي‬FF‫ض‬ Seyed Mohammad
Hassan Hosseini, PhD in English L. Teaching - www.drelt.ir
)‫ مرجع غیر انسان (فاعل‬+ which + ‫فعل‬

•CTBL is my weapon. It has been designed based on my edu-political theories.
•CTBL, which has been designed based on my edu-political theories, is my weapon.
•CTBL which is my weapon has been designed based on my edu-political theories.
)‫ مرجع غیر انسان (مفعول‬+ which + ‫فاعل‬

•The pen is my weapon. I use it.
•The pen (which/that) I use is my weapon.
•It is a dog. They bought it.

•It is the dog (which/that) they bought.

، ‫ی‬
Relative Pronouns )‫ماير ارتباطي(موصولي‬FF‫ض‬ Seyed Mohammad
Hassan Hosseini, PhD in English L. Teaching - www.drelt.ir
• I have not been the first or the last thinker that has been victimized.
• Professor Sebastian Dasan was the most influential person (that) I have ever seen.
• The least (that) THEY can do is to confess their brutal betrayal against the Oppressed.
:‫» استفاده مي‌شود‬that« ‫• بالفاصله بعد از كلمات زير‬

Only, much, few, little, none, all, some, some thing, any, any thing, nothing, everything
• I’ll tell the world everything (that) THEY are doing with my family and I.
.‫• چنانچه كلمات فوق همراه با اسمي باشند از ضمير موصولي مناسب آن اسم نيز مي توان استفاده كرد‬
• All the people (that/whom) I have met hate THEIR corrupt oppressive regime .

، ‫ی‬
‫ فاعل‬+ who(m) / which / that + be (am / is / are / was / were) + verb + ing
• The Mafia (who/that is) hacking my computer and emails does not want me to publish my bookticles!
• I was woken up by a bell (which/that was) ringing at the midnight!
‫ مفعول‬+ who(m) / which / that + be (am / is / are / was / were) + pp

• The beggars (who/that are) sent to me everyday are the Mafia’s hirelings!
• They are a people (who/that have been) betrayed.

• They are a people. They have been betrayed.
• The satanic as well as fascist approaches (which/that are) applied by THEIR sophisticated team of
psychologists for terrorizing my personality and hazarding my health are too dirty.

، ‫ی‬
• My only possession whose privacy could not be controlled by THEIR Russian controlling system is my thought!=
• My only possession the privacy of which could not be controlled by THEIR Russian controlling system is my thought!
• HE is the prophet-like Satan-in-nature clergyman whose ideology has contributed to an escalation of Islam phobia amongst Iranian.
• HE is the prophet-like Satan-in-nature clergyman the ideology of whom has contributed to an escalation of Islam phobia amongst Iranian.
• The day on which HE took the power was the evils’ day =
• The day (which) HE took the power on was the evils’ day =
• The day (when) HE took the power was the evils’ day .
• The year in which THEY massacred their opponents cannot be forgotten. =

• The year (which) THEY massacred their opponents in cannot be forgotten. =
• The year (when) THEY massacred their opponents cannot be forgotten.
• The house in which HE issues the so-called religious communiqués is Satan’s house. =
• The house (which) HE issues the so-called religious communiqués in is Satan’s house. =
• The house where/wherein HE issues the so-called religious communiqués is Satan’s house.

• One of the reasons (for which) THEY torture me is to make an anti Islam out of me! =
• One of the reasons (which) THEY torture me for is to make an anti Islam out of me! =
• One of the reasons (why) THEY torture me is to make an anti Islam out of me!
• I understood what their hirelings meant when they reflected our private personal communication!
• THEY exiled me to the same school as THEY did last years, in order to torture my mind!

• The man with whom I talked on the bus was THEIR spy!
• The man (whom) I talked with on the bus was THEIR spy!

• Seyed Reza Hosseini, for whom I wrote a letter and sent to the civilized world’s
leaders, was my sister-in-law.
• Seyed Reza Hosseini, (whom) I wrote a letter for and sent to the civilized world’s
leaders, was my sister-in-law.
• The ruins on which THEY have built THEIR dream palaces were once the Oppressed
cottages.
• The ruins (which) THEY have built THEIR dream palaces on were once the
Oppressed cottages.

، ‫ی‬
How to Ask Questions? 1
am, is, are, was, were, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, used to, need, …

• I will write another article against their act of violating my very personal territory and rights.
• Will you write another article against their act of violating your very personal territory and rights?
•
We ought to awaken the Oppressed majority.
• Ought you to awaken the Oppressed majority?

• THEY have put hidden cameras in my apartment.
• Have THEY put hidden cameras in your apartment?
• The dictator’s commander murdered my sister-in-law.

• Did the dictator’s commander murder your sister-in-law?
• The dictator’s agent offers his judges a huge amount of money bribe to drop the charges against his murderers.
• Does he offer his judges a huge amount of money bribe to drop the charges against his murderers?

• The civilized world leaders want to fight against the corrupt totalitarian regime.
• Do they want to fight against the corrupt totalitarian regime?

، ‫ی‬
‫دسته دوم‬ ‫دسته سوم‬
Which Who
Whose What
How many Why / What …for
How much What time
When
Where
How
How far
How often
How long
How old
• THEY spy me, torture my mind and threaten me even in my own
apartment every moment of my life.
• Who spies you, tortures your mind and threatens you even in your own
apartment every moment of your life?
• I met a corrupt judge last week.

• Who did you meet last week?
• The fee for their brutal acts would be high.

• What would be high?

• THEIR hireling has been stealing my properties and money from my
apartment here in Mashhad since 1380.
• What has he been stealing from your apartment here in Mashhad
since 1380?
، ‫ی‬
• THEY torture my mind at school because THEY consider my method of teaching a threat to their existence.
• Why do THEY torture your mind at school? = What do THEY torture your mind at school for?
• I have been suffering from THEIR antediluvian terrifying approaches to torturing my mind for 30 years.
• How long have you been suffering from THEIR antediluvian terrifying approaches to torturing your mind?
What time…. When…where….how….. How far…. How often….. How old ….
• I like my Cognitive Socio-Political Language Learning Theory more than my Multiple Input Output Theory.
• Which theory do you like more?

• Dr Hosseini’s edu-political theories are available on the net.
• Whose edu-political theories are available on the net?
• Few theoreticians have provided educational systems with political theories.

• How many theoreticians have provided educational systems with political theories?
• Dr Robatjazy drinks some wine every night.

• How much wine does Dr Robatjazy drink every night?
How to Ask “Tag” Questions?
• You are not an engineer, are you? No, I am not. / Yes, I am.
• Your pen is your weapon, isn’t it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
• This/That is not a good film, is it?

• These/Those are delicious fruit, aren’t they?
• We will overthrow the dictatorial regime, won’t we?

• They won’t be able to deceive all of the people, will they?
• THEIR hireling has my apartment’s door key, doesn’t he?

• They spy me through my mobile phone, don’t they?
• THEY did not have humanitarian behavior towards their critics, did THEY?
• never, no, no one, no where, none, nothing, neither,

little, few, seldom, scarcely, rarely, barely,….
• THEY never lose any opportunity to take revenge from me, do they?
• Rarely does THEIR leader forgive freedom fighters, does he?
• Never can I stand corrupt oppressors. = I can never stand corrupt oppressors.

•One can't be ignorant of his basic rights, can one?
•There is everything for the powerful minority, isn’t there?

•There is nothing left for the oppressed majority, is there?
•As a critical thinker, I am the oppressed eye, aren’t I? (ain’t I?)
•Let me shed light upon THEIR very true nature, will(won’t) you?
• Let’s go home, shall we?
• You ought to follow Agents of Change, shouldn’t you?
•someone, somebody, everybody, everyone, anyone, anybody, none, no one, nobody, neither ,…
• No one of our leaders are honest, are they?
•Nothing will stay the same very long, will it?

• Tell the truth to the world, (will you /won’t you)?
• Try to be my voice please, will you?

• Don’t forget that I am fighting for your future, will you?
•
• Refer to your consciousness, can’t you?
• Be careful when you enter a dictator’s red lines, won’t you?
• THEY have threatened me to death! oh, THEY have, have THEY?

•
• HE won’t eat that food. oh, he won’t, won’t he?

، ‫ی‬
Tenses; 1: Simple Present
• Those who hear an oppressed but do not help him are not human.
• The oppressive dictator is not human, let alone Muslim.
• THEY intrude upon their critic’s lives’ affairs every day.

• Until/Till the dictator has the feeling of being god, he won’t come to terms.
• The dictator won’t come to terms until he has the feeling of being god.
• As soon as I see you, I will explicate the relation between my articles and their threatening messages.
• Unless I take the murderer of my sister-in-law to justice, I won’t quit.
• As long as I do not take the murderer of my sister-in-law to justice, I won’t quit.
• When/After I leave my apartment, THEIR hireling will enter it to do his job!
• Before I publish my bookticles, THEY will censor them in my own computer in my apartment!
• If / In case / Provided that I object their atrocities, THEY will torture my mind for weeks!!!!????
2: Simple Present Continuous
• I am teaching English now.
now, just now, right now, at this time, at this moment, at the very moment, at present, at the present time, for the
time being
recognize, notice, smell, hear, see

.I can hear the children coming
.……,look, appear, seem:‫• افعالي كه معني "بنظر رسيدن" ميدهند‬
,seem, need. feel, hate, wish, hope, refuse:‫ افعالي كه براي بيان عواطف و احساسات استفاده ميشوند‬- •
,desire like, love, dislike, prefer, want

.I prefer a cup of coffee with cream, please
:‫ افعالي كه به فكر و يا بيان نظر و عقيده داللت دارند‬- •
,think suppose, believe, agree, consider, remember, mind, understand, mean, imagine, know, forget

.The students understand it now
:‫ افعالي كه به موقعيت و يا حالتي داللت دارند‬- •
,have, possess own, consist of, contain, belong to

.The glass contains milk
:‫ افعالي كه به شروع و يا اتمام كاري داللت دارند‬- •
Finish, begin
3: Present Perfect
• I have written 200 bookticles up to the present time/ up to now/ so far/ until now/ hitherto/ till now.
• THEY have had my apartment key for 30 years .

• THEY have stolen my properties and food for 30 years now.
• THEY have targeted me since 1368.
• President Rohani has cut my subsidy since I wrote a critical article against him!
• Since I came here in Mashhad, THEY have intensified their brutal approaches to my mind torturing.
• Since coming here, their hirelings have been in the habit of adding chemicals as well as tasteless salt to
my food!
• THEY have already / just / recently/ lately / always / never tried to put me in a context of anxiety!
• THEY are angry and terrified because I have shed light upon their true nature through different angles
in my bookticles.
4: Present Perfect Continuous
•
• THEY have been stealing from my bank accounts and salary for 30 years (now)/ up to the present time/
up to now/ so far/ until now/ till now/ever since I came to Mashhad!
• THEY have been creating opportunities to torture even my family members since 1368 / 30 years ago!
• Since coming here in Mashhad, THEY have been making Guantanamo out of my classes for me!
• Since I was transferred to Mashhad, THEY have been making Guantanamo out of my classes for me!
• How long / since when / have / has

، ‫ی‬
5: Simple Past
• They boycotted my scientific bookticles last years!
• 6: Simple Past Continuous

• I was shopping at a grocery store when THEY spied my credit card’s password through
my cell phone!
• ‍While/As I was shopping at a grocery store, THEY spied / were spying my credit card’s
password.
• All evening yesterday, THEY were spying my private conversation with my sister!
• THEY were watching my sister, through their hidden cameras in her apartment, at
8.00 last night!
• Between 08.00 and 09.30 we were talking about the threats my sisters receive after I
publish an article!
7: Past Perfect
• Their hireling had destroyed my sofa, kitchen and bathroom before I

arrived from school!
• My brother was not allowed to continue his education until he had

registered for Azad University.
• After/Because/Since/As soon as THEY (had) tortured my only brother for a

long time at their so-called “Islamic” Azad university, he became diabetic.

• Before/By the time THEY threatened to wipe my generation out, I had
written a letter to the civilized world’s leaders.

، ‫ی‬
7: Past Perfect 2
• When their hireling’s motorized my father, he had (already) criticized their regime.

• I was sure that THEY had ordered him before, to do such a barbarous satanic mission.
• I found out that THEY had murdered a number of their critics in such satanic ways.
• The dictator didn’t mean to wipe us out until I had introduced my didactic weapon based on my edu-
political theories.
• When / Before / By the time THEY took me to Tehran’s Azadi asylum, I had already bought my ticket
to Turkey.
• I hadn’t got into my train to Turkey when THEY arrested me!
• After/As soon as/Because/Since I sought refuge from Israel, THEY had taken / took me to asylum to
underestimate and torture me.
• THEY had a weird feeling after/as soon as/because/since THEY had taken / took me to Tehran Liberty
asylum!
8: Past Perfect Continuous
• Because THEY had been bothering, threatening and cheating my sisters for many
years, I was motivated to know their true nature.
• Before I began to penetrate into the inner layers of their satanic regime, THEY had
been wiping our generations out through insensible approaches for many years.
• When THEY poisoned my sister-in-law and grand father and killed my nephew in a
fabricated car accident, I had been castigating THEIR corrupt leaders for ten years.
• When you arrived, I was exhausted because I had been teaching in their crowded
classes with their trained tortures for six hours.

، ‫ی‬
9: Simple Future
• I will write a book about their genocide next year.
• Hollywood is going to make a horrifying movie out of my life.
• 10: Simple Future Continuous

• This time, tomorrow, I will be complaining Mashhad Education Office
for not allowing me to establish my Language Institute.

، ‫ی‬
، ‫موزش‬#‫خدمات‬
‫آ‬ :
11: Future Perfect
• By (this time) next year / 09:00, I will have finalized my book about THEIR trained prostitutes,
which include even their school boys.
• Before / Till / By the time / When I release my documents about their atrocities against my
family members, the civilized world will have wiped them out.
• 12: Future Perfect Continuous

• By 9:00 tomorrow morning, THEY will have been torturing me at home as well as at school for
24 years.
• By the time people know THEIR true nature, THEY will have been putting me in a context of
anxiety for many years.

، ‫ی‬
‫آ‬ :
13: Simple Future in the Past
• THEY threatened that they would target my nephews and nieces in the following years!
• 14: Simple Future Continuous in the Past

• THEY said that they would be taking me to custody at 8.00 that day.
• 15: Future Perfect in the Past

• THEY said that THEY would have not allowed me to marry by the time I die!!!???
• 16: Future Perfect Continuous in the Past

• I said that the next year I would have been fighting against dictatorship for 25 years.

، ‫ی‬
‫آ‬ :
Causatives‫ببی‬FF‫ س‬F‫وجه‬
Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini, PhD in English L. Teaching
:‫جمله معلوم‬
• I write bookticles.
)‫م‬#‫سببی (معلو‬:
• I help my team write bookticles.
• I have my team write bookticles.
• I let my team write bookticles.
• I make my team write bookticles.
• I get my team to write bookticles.
)‫ل‬#‫سببی (مجهو‬:
• I help/have /let/make /get bookticles written.

، ‫ی‬
Causatives‫ببی‬FF‫ س‬F‫وجه‬
:‫جمله معلوم‬
• Dictators take their critics to asylum.
)‫سببی (معلوم‬:
• Dictators help/have /let/make their special guards
take their critics to asylum.
• Dictators get their special guards to take their critics
to asylum.
)‫سببی (مجهول‬:
• Dictators help/have /let/make/get their critics taken
to asylum.

، ‫ی‬
Conditional Sentences
1. F.P.: If you study hard, you will succeed.

F.P.: Provided that / On condition that you study hard, you will succeed.
.‫ (ابا توجه به شناخت من از شما) احتمال سخت مطالعه کردن و نتیجتا موفقیت شما هست‬- .‫اگر سخت مطالعه کنید موفق می شوید‬
2. P.U/I.: If you studied hard, you would succeed.
‫ – (اما با توجه به شناخت من از شما) احتمال سخت مطالعه کردن و نتیجتا موفقیت شما نیست و یا‬.‫اگر سخت مطالعه کنید موفق می شوید‬
.‫خیلی کم هست‬
3. P.I.: If you had studied hard, you would have succeeded.
.‫ – اما سخت مطالعه نکردید و نتیجتا موفقیت نشدید‬.‫اگر (در گذشته) سخت مطالعه می کردید موفق می شدید‬
4. G.T.: If you castigate a dictator, he uproots your generation.
‫اگر از یک دیکتاتور (فاشیست و شیطان صفت) انتقاد کنید نسل شما را بر می چیند‬.
5. P.F.L.O.: If you should see my websites, you would know me better.
‫اگر احتماال وب سایت من را ببینید من را بهتر می شناسید‬.
.F.P.: You will succeed if you study hard
.F.P.: Unless you study hard, you will not succeed
.F.P.: You will not succeed unless you study hard
.F.P.: Study hard or else / as otherwise you will not succeed
.F.P.: Study hard, otherwise you will not succeed

، ‫ی‬
Direct into Indirect Speech- (Affirmatives)
Tome: I have sufficient political savvy.
Tom tells / told me, “I have sufficient political savvy.”(at the same time or later)
Tom tells me (that) he has sufficient political savvy. (at the same time)
Tom told me (that) he had sufficient political savvy. ( later)
Saying Verbs: tell, say, ask, state, declare, notify, explain, announce, mention, promise, complain, object, point out,
indicate, inform , protest, remind, admit, add, argue, answer, assure, boast, grumble, deny, promise, remark, etc.
Our friends to us, “We are swimming now.”

They told us, “We are swimming now.”
They told us they were swimming then.
Indirect Speech Direct Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech
the previous day/the day before yesterday then now

two days before the day before yesterday
the previous night/week/month/year last night/ week/ month/year at that time at present
the night/ week/ month/year before
the following day/ the next day/the day after tomorrow that day today
in two day’s time The day after tomorrow

the following night/week/month/year next night/week/month/year that night Tonight
the next night/week/month/year
the night/week/month/year after before ago
Reported Speech- (Affirmatives)

• The passenger said, “I was thinking about my dream country.”

•The passenger mentioned that He had been thinking about his dream country.
•Judge to prisoners: "You will be released from this prison tomorrow."

•The judge informed them that they would be released from that prison the following day.
•Sebastian said, "By next year, I will have established my clinic."

•He announced that by next year, he would have established his clinic.
•My colleague said, "I am tired because I have worked for 10 hours.
• My colleague declared he was tired because he had worked for 10 hours.
He was tired because he had worked for 10 hours, My colleague declared.
• My mother: I have been washing the dishes since 8:00 AM.

•She had been washing the dishes since 8:00 AM, my mother objected.
•Peter to my friend and I: If you attend the party today, you will have a good time.
•Peter promised that if we attended the party that day, we would have a good time.
•
، ‫ی‬
•
Direct into Indirect Speech - (Affirmatives)
• People to their leader, “You must release our political prisoners now.”
• People told their leader that he had to release their political prisoners then.
• People said, “You must release our political prisoners up to next month.”
• People told their leader he would have to release their political prisoners up to the following
month.
• People to their leader, “You must respect human rights”.

• People told their leader he must respect human rights.
• The teacher stated, “The Earth goes round the sun”.

• The teacher stated that the Earth goes round the sun.
• Mohammad to me: "I had been waiting for three days."

• Mohammad complained that he had been waiting for three days.
• Jack to Mrs. Straw, "If you had driven slower, you wouldn't have had an accident.''
• He reminded Mrs. Straw that if she had driven slower, she wouldn't have had an accident.

، ‫ی‬
Reported Speech - (Interrogatives)
• 1. Yes/No Questions: am, is, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, can,
could, may, might, must, should, would, will, shall, etc.
• Robert told me, "Are you a teacher?”

• He asked me whether /if I was a teacher.
• Mina asks me, "Can you speak English?”

• Mina enquires whether I can speak English.
• Mina wondered if I could speak English.
• Ali asked me, “Could you speak English with your teacher many years ago?”
• Ali wanted to know whether I could speak English with my teacher many years before.
Peter asked, “Does Jack go to university to study these books?”

• He wondered whether Jack went to university to study those books.

، ‫ی‬
Direct & Indirect (or Reported) Speech - (Interrogatives)
• 2. Wh Qs: why, what, when, where, which, who, whose, how, how many, how much,
how old, how often, etc.
• Steven said, "What can you do in hospital?”

• Steven wondered what I could do in hospital.
• My father asked my sister, "When do you go to school?"

• My father wanted to know when Jane went to school.
• Mrs. Slavin asked them, “Where are you going with your friends the day after tomorrow?”
• Mrs. Slavin wondered where they were going with their friends in two day’s time.
•
• My student asked me, "How often does your father take a trip to Europe?
• He questioned how often my father took a trip to Europe.

، ‫ی‬
Reported Speech - (Imperatives/Advice/Requests)
• Dictator: “Kill my critics in insensible ways.”

• Dictator ordered his commanders to Kill his critics in insensible ways.
• Journalist: “Do not let the dictator Kill me in an insensible way.”

• Journalist requested the world not to let the dictator Kill him in an insensible way.”
Some other saying verbs: want, urge, encourage, recommend ,command,

invited, etc.

، ‫ی‬
Reported Speech - (Suggestions/Exclamations, etc.)
• My friend: “Let’s go to restaurant.”

• My friend suggested going to restaurant.
• My friend suggested (that) we should go to restaurant.
• Peter said, “Good heavens! Help me!”

• He gave an exclamation of horror/relief/disgust/surprise/delight and asked for help.
• He said, “Good morning.”

• He wished me a good morning.
• He said, “Can you come and bring my credit card?” and I said, “Yes.”
• He asked me if I could go and take his credit card and I said, I could.

، ‫ی‬
“Indirect” into direct speech
•Affirmatives:
•My friend pointed out that he would take a nap in his office then.
•My friend says/said, “I will take a nap in my office now.”
•Interrogatives:
•The president inquired his ministers what they were going to do the next day.
•He asks/asked his ministers, “What are you going to do tomorrow?”
•Imperatives:
•My boss required me to do the project at my earliest convenience.
•He asks/asked me, “Do the project at your earliest convenience.“

، ‫ی‬
Active and Passive Voice
•Totalitarian regimes poison critics in insensible ways.

•Critics are poisoned in insensible ways (by totalitarian regimes).

•The dictator gives them a huge amount of money for murdering critics.
•They are given a huge amount of money for murdering critics.
•A huge amount of money is given to them for murdering critics.

•Smoke filled the room.
•The room was filled (with smoke).

•They came/went/work.

، ‫ی‬
• can, could, may, might, must, have to, has to, had to, ought to, shall, should, will, need, etc.
• I will take the murderer to the court of law.
• The murderer will be taken to the court of law.
•
• The commander has to torture the critical thinkers to earn his life.
• The critical thinkers have to be tortured. (by the commander in order to earn his life)
• am, is, are, was, were + verb + ing (gerund)

• I am analyzing their satanic approaches to marginalizing critical thinkers.
• Their satanic approaches to marginalizing critical thinkers are being analyzed.
•
• They were terrorizing their critic’s social status.
• Their critic’s social status was being terrorized.
•
• am, is, are, was, were + going to + verb
• The Oppressed are going to overthrow the tyrannous regime.
• The tyrannous regime is going to be overthrown.

، ‫ی‬

• I criticize their corrupt leader.
• Their corrupt leader is criticized.
• They arrested and took me to Tehran Liberty Asylum!

• I was arrested and taken to Tehran Liberty Asylum!
• They have betrayed Islam.

• Islam has been betrayed.
• They had deceived the people.

• The people had been deceived.
• We will have shed light upon their satanic nature by 2020.

• Their satanic nature will have been shed light upon by 2020. (by us)
• I said that the Oppressed would bring the dictator to justice sooner or later.
• I said that the dictator would be brought to justice sooner or later.
• The dictator’s special guard said that they would have wiped me out in 10 years.
• The dictator’s special guard said that I would have been wiped out in 10 years.
• The dictator’s judge ordered them to put a hidden camera in my apartment in order to torture my mind
with more sophisticated approaches.
• They were ordered to put a hidden camera in my apartment in order to torture my mind with more
sophisticated approaches.
• A hidden camera was ordered to be put in my apartment in order to … .
• I made/helped them understand the consequences of their brutal actions.

• They were made/helped to understand the consequences of their brutal actions.

• They never let me live freely and on my own terms and principles even in my own apartment.
• I am never let live freely and on my own terms and principles even in my own apartment.
• I am never allowed to live freely and on my own terms and principles even in my own apartment.
• See, watch, listen, hear, feel, smell, taste, observe

• People saw the guard hang the freedom fighter.
• The guard were seen to hang the freedom fighter.
• People saw the guard hanging the freedom fighter.

• The guard were seen hanging the freedom fighter.
•
•People say / think that dictators cannot take all their critics to custody.
• It is said / thought that dictators cannot take all their critics to custody.
• People believe that oppressive regimes are doomed to failure.

• It is believed that oppressive regimes are doomed to failure.
•Free our teacher.

•Let our teacher be freed.
•The dictator’s intelligence service derails my family members’ lives occasionally/brutally.

•My family members’ lives are occasionally/brutally derailed.
•The satanic regime’s chief commissionaire for human rights doesn’t want nations to laugh at him.
• He doesn’t want to be laughed at.
•I want the civilized world leaders to laugh at the satanic regime’s chief commissionaire for human rights.
•I want him to be laughed at.
•
•
Active and Passive Voice- Questions
Have your family members’ lives been engineered to destruction? Have their lives been wrecked havoc on?
Yes.My family members’ lives have been engineered to destruction. Their lives have been wrecked havoc on.
Yes.THEY have engineered my family members’ lives to destruction. THEY have wrecked havoc on their lives.
• I accused the dictator of eradicating my generation in an insensible systematic brutal way.

• Who accused the dictator of eradicating your generation in an insensible systematic brutal way?
• By whom was the dictator accused of eradicating your generation in an insensible systematic brutal way?
• They have poisoned three members of my family, including my sister-in-law, hitherto.

• Whom have they poisoned in your family hitherto?
• Who has been poisoned in your family hitherto?
• I have requested the civilized nations’ leaders for help.

• What have you requested from the civilized nations’ leaders?
• What has been requested from the civilized nations’ leaders?
• What worries the dictator?! What is the dictator worried about/by?!

• He is worried about / afraid of the fact that his own soldiers may bring him to justice.

:‫ من در حوزه آموزش زبان انگلیسی به وب سایت من مراجعه بفرمایید‬100 ‫ تا‬0 ‫• جهت اطالع از خدمات‬
INSTAGRAM: @drsmhhosseini www.beyondelt.blogfa.com / www.drelt.ir •
Restaurant Menu:
Appetizers/Starters
• fish / chicken / mushroom / tomato / French onion / vegetable / carrot / split

pea/ chicken noodle soup
• cream of chicken, …
• mashed/boiled/hash browns potatoes / French fries
• I like it spicy/salty/sour/bitter
• vegetable (broccoli - cabbage - lettuce - sweet corn) nonveg (potato-

noodle) / fruit salad with Italian/Thousand Island/ Greek/house dressings

، ‫ی‬
Restaurant Menu:
Main course/Mains/Entrees
• (fried / grilled / boiled / roast / barbecued)

chicken/lamb/mutton/fish (biryani/rice) - (breast/legs)
chicken curry / beef - (salty) bacon - kebab - shrimp/
prawns - salmon - tuna - spaghetti - sausage - pizza
• (bread - cheese - butter – eggs – omelet - sugar –

jam/honey & vanilla cream - chicken) sandwich
• With some
• yoghurt - salt - ketchup - pepper - pickles
، ‫ی‬
Restaurant Menu:
Dessert
chocolate/vanilla/nuts/peanuts/walnuts
ice cream / sweets / cookies / biscuits /
cake / apple pie / candy / Jelly

، ‫ی‬
Restaurant Menu:
Beverages/Drinks
• A cup / glass / bottle of

• Soft drinks: cola - coke - Pepsi - mineral water - (vanilla / chocolate hot)
(full fat / skimmed / semi skimmed) milk - (herbal/green/black) tea –
coffee - soda
• Alcoholic drinks: (red/sweet/bitter/sour/Italian) wine - beer - whisky
• apple - pears - peach - grapefruit - avocado - strawberry - blackberry -

kiwi - pineapple - pomegranate - carrot - melon - watermelon-
cantaloupe - cherry - plums - apricot - grapes - orange - tangerine -
banana - cucumber - coconut - figs - date - mango - lemon - lime
Juice / squash / shake

، ‫ی‬
، ‫ش‬#‫موز‬#‫ت‬
Dialogue at Restaurant
• Waiter: What would you have/eat?
• R customer: May I have the menu first?
• We’ll have the mushroom soup and some cream of mutton with fresh fruit salad for appetizer;
• Chicken rice with chili pepper and pickles for main course;
• chocolate ice cream and apple pie for dessert,
• And mango milk shake with ice cream, for drinks, please.
• -------------------
• After you finish your meal, you ask:
Could I have the check please?
• Waiter: You can pay at the register.

، ‫ی‬
Dialogue about Restaurant
• Do you go to restaurant? Yes, I enjoy eating with friends.
• How often do you go to restaurant? Once/twice/thrice a week / month
• Which restaurant do you like best? Why? Eram R. Because it serves delicious food.
• What is your favorite food for breakfast/brunch/lunch/supper/dinner? Fish
• Who do you go to the restaurant with? With my husband/wife/family/friends
• How do you go to the restaurant? By taxi//train/plain/car/On foot
• =========
• Follow me on Instagram:@drsmhhosseini
• Dr Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini

، ‫ی‬

English Grammar, A Crash Course

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English Grammar, A Crash Course

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English Grammar

by Dr Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini

This manuscript entails a thorough crash course in English language grammar.

• He is my friend. He has an apartment. His apartment is small.

• You are poor. You have nothing. Your room is old.

www.drelt.ir www.beyondelt.blogfa.com ‫بینید‬###‫موزشیمنرا ب‬#‫التو ویدیوهایآ‬##‫تب مقا‬###‫ک‬

• THEY want ……. the truth.

• THEY asked/told/ordered me to keep silent!

• I am determined not to ignore their atrocities.

• It is dangerous to fight against corrupt prophet-face ayatolSatan.

www.drelt.ir www.beyondelt.blogfa.com ‫بینید‬###‫موزشیمنرا ب‬#‫التو ویدیوهایآ‬##‫تب مقا‬###‫ک‬

2. Verb + Bare Infinitive

• I should be ready for everything.

• My friends help/have /let/make me write bookticles about the dictator’s genocide.

• My friends help/have /let/make bookticles written.

www.drelt.ir www.beyondelt.blogfa.com ‫بینید‬###‫موزشیمنرا ب‬#‫التو ویدیوهایآ‬##‫ا‬#‫تب مق‬###‫ک‬

• I enjoy having her beside me.

• I enjoy not having her beside me.

4. Preposition / compound verb + Gerund

• I’m tired of listening to their ridiculous preaches.

• I’m really interested in introducing their very true nature.

www.drelt.ir www.beyondelt.blogfa.com ‫بینید‬###‫موزشیمنرا ب‬#‫التو ویدیوهایآ‬##‫تب مقا‬###‫ک‬

5. Verb + Gerund or Infinitive, the same meanings:

start, begin, can’t bear, can’t stand, continue, propose

allow, advise, permit, recommend

6. Verb + Gerund or Infinitive with different meanings:

www.drelt.ir www.beyondelt.blogfa.com ‫بینید‬###‫موزشیمنرا ب‬#‫التو ویدیوهایآ‬##‫تب مقا‬###‫ک‬

7. Verb + Bare Infinitive or Gerund with different meanings:

smell, hear, see, watch, look, listen, seem, feel

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Comparison of Equality: 1. Gaddafi was as mean as Saddam.

Comparative Adj: 1. Pinochet was meaner than Saddam and Gaddafi.

Superlative Adj: 1. Moaviyeh was the meanest (of all).

I have a beautiful long black Italian leather rain coat. ‫فاتحکارمج‬#

ictators can lie. • Muslims cannot lie.

mperialism marginalizes thinkers. • Muslims do not marginalize thinkers.

ictators love power and wealth.

have enough awakening bookticles/speeches to be targeted by Imperialism and Capitalism’s hirelings.

vilized leaders are smart enough to cope with their critics.

he dictator is an engineer. I am an engineer, too.

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• I have never thought of such a beautiful idea.

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• The dictator is very oppressive. We cannot tolerate him.

• Because/Since/As the dictator is very oppressive, we cannot tolerate him.

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• Why didn’t father answer the doorbell? B: “He … the b

• Let’s go out and have a walk. The rain … by now.

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• I myself am a teacher. THEY have to give me my God-given rights. They’re mine.

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•The police commander is corrupt. He cooperates with burglars and murderers.

•He was the policeman who/that revolutionized my thoughts.

)‫ مرجع انسان (مفعول‬+ whom + ‫فاعل‬

•He was the judge (whom/that) I met at a national prayer ceremony!

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)‫ مرجع غیر انسان (فاعل‬+ which + ‫فعل‬

)‫ مرجع غیر انسان (مفعول‬+ which + ‫فاعل‬

•It is a dog. They bought it.

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:‫» استفاده مي‌شود‬that« ‫• بالفاصله بعد از كلمات زير‬

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