EYEBALL

TUNICS OF EYEBALL
 Outer fibrous coat: sclera &cornea
 Middle vascular coat: choroid, ciliary body,iris

 Inner nervous coat: retina

SCLERA
 Post five sixth of outer coat
SCLERA

 Outer protective fibrous coat

 White of eye
 Childhood- bluish white
 Old age- Yellowish
 Outer Surface - Attachment of recti & oblique
 Inner - AdheOuter Surface - Attachment of recti & oblique

 Innerred to supra-choroid lamina

 Weakest part - site of attachment of optic nerve
 - 3 mm to nasal side of posterior pole.
STRUCTURES PIERCING SCLERA
 Optic nerve
 Post ciliary vessels

 Ant ciliary arteries

 4 choroidal veins
 Lamina cribrosa sclerae – sieve like

 In glaucoma – Intraocular tension

increase

 Bulge posteriorly - cupping of disc

 Inflammation - nerve fibres can be damaged

CORNEA
 Ant one sixth of outer coat
 Thickness : 1mm at periphery,0.5mm at center

 Avascular
 CORNEA
 Anterior 1/6 of outer fibrous tunic – transparent &

projecting part.

 Responsible for major part of refraction of rays of light.

 CORNEA
 Thin surfaces
 Convex anteriorly

 Degree of curvature varies from individual to individual – same individual in

different periods of life

 Structure
Corneal epithelium – stratified squamous
 Anterior elastic lamina
 Substantia propria
 Lamellae of dense fibrous tissue
 Corneal spaces in between
 Posterior elastic lamina (Descemet’s membrane)
 Peripherally attached to scleral spur forms part of
trabcular tissue.
CHOROID
 Post part of vascular coat
 Brown thin & highly vascular
 Ant : connected to iris by ciliary body
 Post : pierced by optic nerve
 Arteries : derived from short ciliary vessels
 Surface – External – loosely connected with sclera by
suprachoroid membrane
 Internal – intimately adherent with retina

STRUCTURE
 Consists of 4 layers
1. Suprachoroid lamina
2. Vascular lamina
3. Capillary lamina
4. Basal lamina
CILIARY BODY
 Is the thickening of vascular tunic
 Continuous with choroid behind & iris in front

 Situated post to corneoscleral jtn

 Parts of ciliary body

 Ciliary ring

 Ciliary process

 Ciliary muscle : outer radial & inner circular fibres

 CILIARY BODY
Direct continuation of choroid Function

S uspension of lens

 Production of aqueous humour

 Active role in mechanism of accomodation by the

muscles.
 IRIS
 It is a circular , contractile coloured curtain forms
anterior part of vascular tunic.
 Situation – suspended in aqueous humour between
cornea in front and lens behind.
 Pupil – Central aperture in the iris controls amount of
light entering the eye
IRIS
 So, this is an adjustable diaphragm

 Anterior chamber

 Posterior chamber

Communicate through pupil

 Attached to ciliary body and to cornea – posterior
elastic lamina by pectinate ligament.
 COLOUR OF IRIS

Depends of number of pigment cells vary from individual to

individual less pigment – blue in colour .

 Muscles – involuntary muscles

 Circular – sphincter pupillae at the margin of pupil – action

constriction of pupil.

 Nerve Supply – parasympathetic – short ciliary nerves from

ciliary ganglion.
4 LAYERS
 Ant mesothelial lining
 A CT stroma

 Layer of smooth muscle :

a) Constictor pupillae : near the margin of pupil

b) Dilator pupillae : at the peripheral part

 Post layer of pigment cells
RETINA
 Innermost layer
 Consists of 2 layers:

 Outer pigment layer

 Inner sensory layer

 Anteriorly retina presents an irregular edge called ora

serreta
 Non nervous part continues over back of ciliary body
and iris
 IMPORTANT FEATURES

 Macula lutea – Oval yellowish area in the centre of

posterior part. – posterior pole.
 Fovea centralis – Central depressed region of Macula
lutea- thinnest part
 Area of acute vision
 Rods are absent
 Only cones are present
 IMPORTANT FEATURES
 Optic disc lies 3 mm to the nasal side of macula lutea .

 Optic nerve pierces the retina here.

 Physiological cup – central depressed part.

 Peirced by central artery and vein of retina.

 Insensitive to light due to absence of rods and cones.

 So also called blind spot.

 STRUCTURE OF RETINA
 Pigment layer
 Layer of rods cones
 External Limiting membrane
 Outer nuclear layer
 Outer molecular layer
 Inner nuclear layer
 Inner molecular layer
 Ganglion cell layer
 (Nerve fibre layer) – Stratum opticum
Blood –supply – ciliary vessels

Central artery and vein of retina

APPLIED ANATOMY
 Detachment of retina
 Glaucoma – Increase I/0cular tension
 Interferance in the drainage of aqueous humour.
 Lens – Cataract
 In old age – flattened on both surface
 Long sight . Presbyopia .
 In the young – short sight – Myopia