BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OCULAR

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Hafizhan
 Learning Syllabus
• Anatomy and physiology of palpebra
• Anatomy and physiology of extraocular muscles
• Anatomy and physiology of lacrimal glands
• Anatomy and physiology of sclera
• Anatomy and physiology of uveal tract
• Anatomy and physiology of retina and visual pathway
• Clinical optics
 Eye Anatomy
• Each eye lies within a bony orbit
• Volume less than 30 cm2
 Eye Anatomy - Orbit
Seven bones make up the bony orbit

1. Frontal bone
2. Zygomatic bone
3. Maxilla (or maxillary bone)
4. Ethmoid (or ethmoidal) bone
5. Sphenoid bone
6. Lacrimal bone
7. Palatine bone
Eye Anatomy - Orbit
Eye Anatomy - Orbit
 Eye Anatomy - Orbit
Roof of the Orbit
• Composed of the orbital plate of the frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

Lateral Wall of the Orbit

• Composed of the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone

Medial Wall of the Orbit

• Composed of the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone, the lacrimal bone, the frontal process of
the maxillary bone, and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

Floor of the Orbit

• Composed of the maxillary bone, palatine bone, and the orbital plate of the zygomatic bone
 Palpebra (Eyelids)
The eyelids, or palpebrae, are folds of skin and tissue that, when closed,
cover the globe

Functions :

1. Cover the globe for protection

2. Move the tears toward drainage at the medial can-thus on closure
3. Spread the tear film over the anterior surface of the eye on opening
4. Contain structures that produce the tear film
Palpebra
(Eyelids)
 Palpebra (Eyelids)

Infrared digital photography of meibomian glands. A, Normal meibomian gland anatomy;

B, normal meibomian glands, upper and lower lids; C, grading scales for meibomian gland
loss.
Palpebra (Eyelids)
 Lacrimal Glands
• The main lacrimal gland is located in a fossa on the temporal side of the
orbital plate of the frontal bone
• The secretion is composed of water, electrolytes, and antibacterial agents
including lysozyme, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins.
• Some tear fluid is lost by evaporation and some by reabsorption through
conjunctival tissue,
• Approximately 75% passes through the nasolacrimal drainage system
Lacrimal Glands
 Extraocular Muscles
There are 7 extraocular muscles :

1. Medial rectus
2. Lateral rectus
3. Superior rectus
4. Inferior rectus
5. Superior oblique
6. Inferior oblique
7. Levator palpebrae superioris
Extraocular Muscles
Extraocular Muscles
Extraocular Muscles
 Extraocular Muscles
Innervation

“RL6 SO4 (3)”

- Rectus Lateral : N. VI
- Superior Oblique : N. IV
- Else : N. III
Extraocular
Muscles
 The Eye
The eye is a special sense organ made up of three coats, or tunics, as
follows :

1. The outer fibrous layer of connective tissue forms the cornea and
sclera.
2. The middle vascular layer is composed of the iris, ciliary body, and
choroid (Uvea).
3. The inner neural layer is the retina.
Sclera
 Sclera
The sclera is the opaque white of the eye and is covered by the
transparent conjunctiva.

Functions :
• Maintains the shape of the globe
• Provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions
Sclera
Sclera
 Cornea
• The cornea is a transparent, avascular tissue that measures 11–12 mm
horizontally and 10–11 mm vertically
• Nutrition :
– Glucose diffusing from the aqueous humor
– Oxygen diffusing through the tear film
– Peripheral cornea is supplied with oxygen from the limbal circulation
Cornea
Cornea
 Uvea
• The middle layer of the eye, the uvea (uveal tract)
• Composed of three regions (from front to back):
– Iris
– Ciliary body
– Choroid
 Uvea - Iris
• The iris is a thin, circular structure located anterior to the lens
• The diameter can vary from 1 mm to 9 mm depending conditions
– Small (miotic) in bright
– Large (mydriatic) in dim
• Two muscle fibers:
– Contraction : Constricts pupil in bright light
– Dilation : Dilates pupil in dark
Uvea - Iris
Uvea -
Iris
 Uvea – Cilliary Body
Contains of cilliary muscle, vessels and fibrous connective tissue.

Functions :
• Accomodation
• Aqueous humor production
• Maintain lens zonules (lens position)
Uvea – Cilliary Body
 Uvea – Choroid
The choroid, the posterior portion of the uveal tract, nourishes the outer
portion of the retina.
Located between retina and sclera

Consists of 3 layers of vessels:

1. Choriocapillaris, the innermost layer
2. Middle layer of small vessels
3. Outer layer of large vessels

Functions : Provides nutrients to the outer retina

Uvea –
Choroid
Lens
Lens
Lens
 Lens
• The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure located posterior
to the iris and anterior to the vitreous body
• Suspended in position by fibers (zonular fibers/ zonules of Zinn)
• Components of the lens are the capsule, epithelium, cortex, and nucleus
 Lens
Functions :

• To maintain its own clarity

• To refract light
• To provide accommodation, in conjunction with the zonule and ciliary
body
Lens
 Retina
• A thin layer of tissue that lines the inside proportion of the eye
• Purpose :
– Receive the focused light
– Concert the light into neural signals
– Transmit the light on to the visual pathways for visual recognition
 Retina
10 Retinal Layers

1. Retinal pigment epithelium

2. Photoreceptor cell layer
3. External limiting membrane
4. Outer nuclear layer
5. Outer plexiform layer
6. Inner nuclear layer
7. Inner plexiform layer
8. Ganglion cell layer
9. Nerve fiber layer
10. Internal limiting membrane
Retina
 Retina
Retinal Pigment Epithelium Functions :

1. Vitamin A metabolism
2. Maintenance of the outer blood–retina barrier
3. Phagocytosis of the photoreceptor outer segments
4. Absorption of light (reduction of scatter)
5. Heat exchange
6. Formation of the basal lamina of the Bruch membrane
7. Production of the mucopolysaccharide matrix surrounding the outer
segments
8. Active transport of materials into and out of the RPE
 Retina
Scotopic and Photopic Vision

• Scotopic Vision : Dim light -> by rods cell -> objects are seen in shades of
gray
• Photopic Vision : Bright light -> by cone cells -> broader light wavelength
– Red (588 nm)
– Green (531 nm)
– Blue (420 mm)
Retina
Visual Pathways
 Visual
Pathways
 Visual
Pathways
 Visual
Pathways
 Visual
Pathways
Clinical Optics
Clinical Optics
Clinical Optics
Clinical Optics
Clinical Optics
 Clinical Optics
Astigmatism : Light rays coming from a point source are not imaged as a
point
• Reguler Astigmatism : longest radius of curvature and shortest radius of
curvature lie 90 degrees apart
– With-the-rule astigmatism : The steepest curvature lies in the vertical
meridian. Thus the vertical meridian has the shortest radius of
curvature
– Against-the-rule astigmatism : The horizontal meridian is the
steepest; the greatest refractive power is found in the horizontal
meridian.
• Irregular astigmatism : The meridians corresponding to the greatest
differences are not 90 degrees apart.
Clinical Optics
Clinical Optics
THANK YOU

QUESTIONS?