SPECIAL SENSES

BY
DR. SALISU AHMED IBRAHIM
MBBS, MSC, PhD
Associate Prof of HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY
Date: 7th September 2020
 WHAT ARE THESE SPECIAL SENSES
They include the following;
• EYE
• EAR
• NOSE
• TONGUE
 THE HUMAN EYE
• DEVELOPS FRM ECTODERMAL MESENCHYME
• HIGHLY DELICATE, BUT PROTECTED
• MAIN FXNS; VISION, LEARNING &
EQUILLIBRIUM
• OTHER FXNS; DIAGNOSIS, PROTECTION,
COMMUNICATION, RACIAL
DIFFERENCIATION,COSMETICS
 ORBITS (EYE SOCKETS)
• TWO BONY CAVITIES
• ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE FACE
• SHAPE: FOUR SIDED PYRAMID; APEX,
BASE,ROOF, FLOOR, MEDIAL & LAT. WALLS
• DIMENSIONS; HT=35MM, WIDTH =40MM &
DEPTH =40MM
• ORBITAL INDEX = HT/WDT X100
 ORBITAL BONES
• FRONTAL
• MAXILLARY
• ZYGOMATIC
• LACRIMAL
• ETHMOIDAL
• SPHENOIDAL
• PALATINE
 ORBITAL MUSCLES
• LAVETOR PALPEBRAL SUPERIORIS
• SUPERIOR RECTUS
• INFERIOR RECTUS
• MEDIAL RECTUS
• LATERAL RECTUS
• SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
• INFERIOR OBLIQUE
 ORBITAL CONTENTS
• EYE BALL
• NERVES; 2ND 3RD 4TH 6TH BRANCHESOF
OPHTHAL & MAX. NERVES
• VESSELS; OPHTHAL, INF. ORBITAL VESSELS,
SUPERIOR & INF BRANCHES OF OPHTHAL
VEINS, LACRIMAL BRCH OF MID. MEN. ARTERY
• ORBITAL FACIA AND FAT
• LACRIMAL GLAND &SAC
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN EYE
Diagram of the human eye DESCRIPTION OF THE HUMAN EYE
• It is spherical in shape and consists of
3 layers;
1. An outer fibrous layer made up of
sclera and cornea
- the sclera is opaque and occupies the
posterior 5/6 of the eye
- the cornea is transparent and
occupies the anterior 1/6 of the eye
- the cornea and sclera meet at a
corneo-scleral juction called the
Limbus
- the cornea allows light to pass into
the eye, and together with sclera
protects the eye
• 2. A middle vascular layer (Uveal tract)
consisting of the iris, ciliary body and
the choroid
-the iris extends anteriorly to form a
circular aperture called the pupil in
front of the lens. Its main function is
to regulate the amount of light
entering the eye
- the function of the ciliary body is for
accommodation and production of
aqeous humor
- the function of the choroid is to
nourish the sclera and the retina
3. An inner nervous layer, called the
retina
• - it is the photosensitive part of the
eye and contains photo receptors;
rods and cones.
- it extends anteriorly and terminate at
the ora serata, just behind the ciliary
body
- the macula lutea area lies in its
posterior part and vision is most acute
at its central part called the forvea
centralis
- the site at which the optic nerve
leaves the eye is called the optic disc
or the blind spot because it contains
no photreceptors
 The crystalline lens divides the eye into two
compartments containing two different fluids;
1.the anterior compartment which contains the
aqueous humor and is divided by the iris into an
anterior and posterior chambers. Aqueous
humor flows from the ciliary body into the
posterior chamber and then into the anterior
chamber and exits the eye through a channel in
the the angle of the anterior chamber called the
canal of schlemm
2. the posterior compartment which contains
the vitreous humor, a clear gelatinous fluid
 Assigment
• Draw and label a human eye
• List the functions of the following;
- Cornea
- Angle of the anterior chamber
- Pupil
- Ciliary muscle
- retina