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Earliest recorded Japanese gardens were the pleasure gardens of the Japanese emperors and
nobles.
Chinese garden had a very strong influence on early Japanese gardens.
The Japanese gardens were modest versions of the imperial gardens of the tang dynasty, China,
with large lakes scattered with artificial islands and artificial mountains.
Layout of the garden was strictly according to the principles of traditional Chinese geomancy or
Feng shui.
The landscapes of these gardens change frequently as the four seasons of japan
pass by them throughout a year.
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN THE DESIGN OF JAPANESE GARDENS :
WATER
GARDEN BRIDGES
FISH
WATER :
Water is used not just for its visual quality, but also for its sound.
The Japanese have learnt to exploit the sound of water in all its various form.
It varies from powerful waterfall to water falling into a water basin, creating different emotions.
It represents the sea, lake, pond or river in nature.
Non geometrical in appearance; in order to preserve the natural shapes, manmade ponds are
asymmetrical.
The bank of the pond is usually bordered by stones
A fountain is sometimes found at the bottom of a hill or hillside or forest.
ROCK AND SAND :
The rocks are like the co ordinates of a garden project.
Rocks and water also symbolize yin and yang (in Chinese philosophy it describes how seemingly
opposite may actually be complementary) .
A vertical rock may represent mount Horai, the legendary home of the eight immortals and
a flat rock might represent the earth.
Sand or gravel can represent a beach, or a flowing river .
Rocks with strata or veins should have the veins all going in the same direction, and the rocks should
all be firmly planted in the earth, giving an appearance of firmness and permanence.
ROCK AND SAND :
Rocks are often used to represent islands and mountains, so conical or dome shaped rough volcanic
rocks would be the obvious choice.(Kansai)
Hard metamorphic rocks are usually placed by waterfalls or streams.
A jagged textured rock gives feeling of timelessness and dignity.
Smooth rocks like water worn stones or glacial boulders convey the feeling of antiquity (ancient past)
especially when combined in an interesting shape are used around lakes or as stepping stones.
Rocks are arranged in careful compositions of two, three, five or seven rocks, with three being the
most common.
In a three-arrangement, a tallest rock usually represents heaven, the shortest rock is the earth, and
the medium-sized rock is humanity, the bridge between heaven and earth.
GARDEN BRIDGES :
Bridges could be made of stone (ishibashi), or of wood, or made of logs with earth on top, covered
with moss (dobashi).
They could be either arched (soribashi) or flat (hirabashi) or zig–zag in shape. They are always in
harmony with surrounding nature.
Bridges can be painted red if it is used for temple garden, as per Chinese tradition.
Bridges are privileged sites in a japanese garden, where one will linger and take in the beauty of the
landscape, watch the carps swimming in their watery elements, and enjoy the softness of the breeze.
STONE LANTERNS AND WATER BASINS :
Stone water basins, (tsukubai) were originally placed in gardens for visitors to wash their
hands and mouth before the tea ceremony.
The water is provided to the basin by a bamboo pipe or kakei, and they usually have a
wooden ladle for drinking the water.
STONE LANTERNS AND WATER BASINS :
They are about 6’ to 7’ high and add colour and texture to the garden.
Pine (matsu)
Some have an airy silhouette with widespread branches, others are dense and
compact,
While still others lean over as if battered by the wind.
It creates a quiet, cosy screen that shields visitors from outside distractions.
TREES AND FLOWERS :
Japanese maple (momiji)
It has lacy leaves and magnificent autumn colours, making it a favourite.
It is taken indoors in winter and brought back outdoors in spring.
They are gradually being replaced with amur maples, a hardier species.
Lotus (hasu)
This "flower of buddha", is considered a divine and sacred plant.
The lotus flower, with its lovely, huge corolla, blooms in summer to offer a
fleeting vision of delicate shades of pink and white.
Crabapple (hime-ringo)
The crabapple's abundant white and pink flowers in spring symbolize youth
and renewal.
Rhododendron (tsutsuji)
It has bright pink, red, purple and white blossoms. These charming flowers,
with their delicate petals, symbolize fragile and ephemeral beauty.
Iris (airisu)
They flower from late may to mid-july, in soft tones of pink, blue and white.
Remarkable for its huge flowers.
FISH :
The use of fish, particularly nishiki-goi (colored carp), or goldfish as a decorative
element in gardens was borrowed from the Chinese garden.
Koi are domesticated common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are selected or culled for
color.
GARDEN STYLES :
POND GARDEN
The chisen-shoyū-teien ("lake-spring-boat excursion garden") was imported from
China.
It featured a large, ornate residence with two long wings.
Each wing ended in a pavilion from which guests could enjoy the views of the lake.
GARDEN STYLES :
PARADISE GARDEN
They were meant to symbolize Paradise or the Pure Land (Jōdo), where the Buddha sat on a
platform contemplating a lotus pond.
These gardens featured a lake island called Nakajima, where the Buddha hall was located,
connected to the shore by an arching bridge.
GARDEN STYLES :
TEA GARDEN
The style of garden takes its name from the roji, or path to the teahouse, which is supposed to
inspire the visitor to meditation to prepare him for the ceremony.
There is an outer garden, with a gate and covered arbor where guests wait for the invitation to enter.
They then pass through a gate to the inner garden, where they wash their hands and rinse their
mouth.
The path is always kept moist and green, so it will look like a remote mountain path, and there are no
bright flowers that might distract the visitor from his meditation.
GARDEN STYLES :
COURTYARD GARDEN
These gardens have white sand or raked gravel in place of water, carefully arranged rocks, and
sometimes rocks and sand covered with moss.
Their purpose is to facilitate meditation, and they are meant to be viewed while seated on the porch
of the residence of the hōjō, the abbot of the monastery.
GARDEN STYLES :
STROLL GARDEN
These gardens have white sand or raked gravel in place of water, carefully arranged rocks, and
sometimes rocks and sand covered with moss.
Their purpose is to facilitate meditation, and they are meant to be viewed while seated on the porch
of the residence of the hōjō, the abbot of the monastery.
GARDEN STYLES :
STROLL GARDEN
There is no inner or outer garden to be found but a path which is made only for a leisurely stroll. One
has to follow a clockwise direction while walking through the path.
It features a small central lake and pond with a path going around it.
Boulders and trees could add extra beauty to this garden and usually they are featured.
Gives an opportunity to reveal the whole garden beauty from different directions.
PHILOSOPHY
Chinese
• Gardens have buildings in the centre of the garden, occupying a large
part of the garden space.
• The buildings are placed next to or over the central body of water.
• The garden buildings are very elaborate, with much architectural
decoration.
Japanese
• the buildings are well apart from the body of water,
• The buildings are simple, with very little ornament.
• The architecture in a Japanese garden is largely or partly concealed.
COMPARISON -Viewpoint.
Chinese
• Designed to be seen from the inside, from the buildings, galleries
and pavilions in the centre of the garden.
Japanese
Japanese
Often use miniaturized scenery from the Japanese coast.
frequently include white sand or pebble beaches and rocks which
seem to have been worn by the waves and tide, which rarely appear
in Chinese gardens
MODERN DEVELOPMENT - (1912 to present)
• During the Showa period (1926–1988), many traditional gardens were built
by businessmen and politicians.
• After World War II, the principal builders of gardens were no longer private
individuals, but banks, hotels, universities and government agencies.
• The Japanese garden became an extension of the architecture of the
building.
• New gardens were designed by architecture school graduates, and often
used modern building materials, such as concrete.
• Modern gardens have taken a much more radical approach to the
traditions.
MODERN DEVELOPMENT - Hyakudanen
• Pune-Okayama
Friendship Garden or
Pu La Deshpande
Udyan is a garden
located on Sinhagad
Road in Pune,
Maharashtra, India.
• It was introduced in
inspiration of 300-
year-old Okayama’s
Koraku-en Garden, so
it is also called as
Pune-Okayama
Friendship Garden.
Pu La Deshpande Garden, Pune
• This Japanese garden has been named after Pu. La. Deshpande, who
was a well known Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India. He was
awarded Padma Bhushan in 1990.
Pu La Deshpande Garden, Pune