Andvance Engineering Math

• Topics
Complex Number
Forms of Complex Number
Mathematics Operation of Complex
Number
Matrix
 What is a Complex Number
• A complex number is any number expressible
in standard form
a+bi or a+jb

i or j is a imaginary unit or number, it is equal to

the √-1
 Different forms of Complex Number
• Rectangular Form
Z=a + jb
Where
a= real part
b= imaginary part
• Trigonometric form
z=r cos ϴ + j r sin ϴ
z= r cis ϴ
• Polar form
z=r˂ ϴ
Where r=modulus or absolute value
ϴ= argument or amplitude in degree
• Imaginary axis

b r
ϴ
Real Axis
a
Where
r=√a² + b²
ϴ= tan-1 (b/a)

• Exponential form
Z= r ejϴ
Where ϴ=arguments in radians
 Mathematical operation of complex number
a. Addition and Subtraction of complex numbers
Rule: Use the rectangular form

(a1 + jb1) + (a2 + jb2) = (a1 + a2) + j(b1 + b2)

(a1 + jb1) - (a2 + jb2) = (a1 - a2) + j(b1 - b2)

b. Multiplication of complex numbers

Rule: Use the polar form
(r1  Ө1) (r2Ө2) = r1r2 (Ө1 + Ө2)

c. Division of complex numbers

Rule: Use the polar form
r 1  Ө1 r1
=  (Ө1 - Ө2)
r2Ө2 r2

d. Complex number raised to exponent “n”

Rule: Use the polar form
(r  Ө)n = r (nӨ)
n
 Mathematical operation of complex number
e. Logarithm of a complex number
Rule: Use the trigonometric form

ln z = rejӨ = ln r + ln ejӨ

ln z = ln r + jӨ

f. Exponential & trigonometric functions of a complex number

ejӨ = cosӨ + j sinӨ sin Ө = ejӨ - e-jo

2j
e-jӨ = cosӨ - j sinӨ
cosӨ= ejӨ
+ e -jo

2
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

A+B=
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

? ? ?
A+B=
? ? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 ? ?
A+B=
? ? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 ? ?
A+B=
? ? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 ? ?
A+B=
2 ? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 ? ?
A+B=
2 ? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 5 ?
A+B=
2 ? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 5 ?
A+B=
2 ? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 5 ?
A+B=
2 8 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 5 ?
A+B=
2 8 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 5 7
A+B=
2 8 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 5 7
A+B=
2 8 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 5 7
A+B=
2 8 -7
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Sum of two matrices:

Find A + B

5 -2 6 4 7 1
A -1
= B=
8 -3 3 0 -4

9 5 7
A+B=
2 8 -7
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

? ?
A-B=
? ?
? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

? ?
A-B=
? ?
? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 ?
A-B=
? ?
? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 ?
A-B=
? ?
? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 ?
A-B=
-12 ?
? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 ?
A-B=
-12 ?
? ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 ?
A-B=
-12 ?
-5 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 ?
A-B=
-12 ?
-5 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 -6
A-B=
-12 ?
-5 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 -6
A-B=
-12 ?
-5 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 -6
A-B=
-12 4
-5 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 -6
A-B=
-12 4
-5 ?
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 -6
A-B=
-12 4
-5 6
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Difference of two matrices:

Find A - B

4 -3 4 3
A =-5 -1 B =7 -5
3 8 8 2

0 -6
A-B=
-12 4
-5 6
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

? ? ?
DC = ? ? ?
? ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(2)(-4) +
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

? ? ?
DC = ? ? ?
? ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(2)(-4) + (-3)(-1)
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

? ? ?
DC = ? ? ?
? ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(2)(-4) + (-3)(-1)
Find DC -8 + 3

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 ? ?
DC = ? ? ?
? ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(4)(-4) + (-1)(-1)
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 ? ?
DC = ? ? ?
? ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(4)(-4) + (-1)(-1)
Find DC -16 + 1

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 ? ?
DC = -15 ? ?
? ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(1)(-4) + (5)(-1)
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 ? ?
DC = -15 ? ?
? ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(1)(-4) + (5)(-1)
Find DC -4 + (-5)

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 ? ?
DC = -15 ? ?
-9 ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(2)(1) + (-3)(2)
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 ? ?
DC = -15 ? ?
-9 ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(2)(1) + (-3)(2)
Find DC 2 + (-6)

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 ?
DC = -15 ? ?
-9 ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(4)(1) + (-1)(2)
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 ?
DC = -15 ? ?
-9 ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(4)(1) + (-1)(2)
Find DC 4 + (-2)

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 ?
DC = -15 2 ?
-9 ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(1)(1) + (5)(2)
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 ?
DC = -15 2 ?
-9 ? ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(1)(1) + (5)(2)
Find DC 1 + 10

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 ?
DC = -15 2 ?
-9 11 ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(2)(3) + (-3)(5)
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 ?
DC = -15 2 ?
-9 11 ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(2)(3) + (-3)(5)
Find DC 6 + (-15)

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 -9
DC = -15 2 ?
-9 11 ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(4)(3) + (-1)(5)
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 -9
DC = -15 2 ?
-9 11 ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(4)(3) + (-1)(5)
Find DC 12 + (-5)

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 -9
DC = -15 2 7
-9 11 ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(1)(3) + (5)(5)
Find DC

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 -9
DC = -15 2 7
-9 11 ?
3x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Product of two matrices:

(1)(3) + (5)(5)
Find DC 3 + 25

2 -3 -4 1 3
D =4 -1 C=
-1 2 5
1 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix

-5 -4 -9
DC = -15 2 7
-9 11 28
3x3 matrix
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Transpose matrix

-4 -1
-4 1 3
A= AT =1 2
-1 2 5
3 5
3x2 matrix 2x3 matrix
 Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Cofactor of an entry of a matrix

Note: applicable only for square matrices

+ - +
+ -
Sign conventions: - + -
- +
+ - +

Determinant of A is:
1 2 0
A= 2 1 4 A= + 1 2 = (1)(1) - (2)(2) = -3
2 1
4 2 6

Thus the cofactor of 6 is -3

Find the co-factor of 6 in the matrix
Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns. The term “matrix” was introduced by the English mathematician
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) in 1850. The size of a matrix is
determined by the number of rows and columns.

Cofactor matrix

Find cofactor matrix of A

A= 3 2 Cofactor matrix of A = 1 4
4 1 2 3
Inverse matrix

Find the inverse matrix of A.

Get the determinant

2 3 2 1
AT = (2)(1) – (1)(3) = -1
A= 1 1 3 1

Get the cofactor & the sign convention

1 3 + -
1 2 - +

1 1 -3 -1 3
A -1
=
-1 -1 2 1 -2
Inverse matrix
Steps required to find for the Inverse Matrix (say A):
a. Form the cofactor matrix of matrix A
b. Form the transpose matrix of the cofactor matrix A
c. Evaluate the determinant of matrix A
d. Divide each element in the (matrix cofactor)T

Find the inverse matrix of A.

1 2 0
A= 2 1 4
4 2 6

Cofactor matrix of A = 1 4
2 3