Figure S1.

Sarcophaga bercaea feeding

on animal feces in Dar es Salaam

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_fly#/media/File:Sarcophaga_Bercaea2.jpg
 Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Ins ecta

Order: Diptera

TAXONOMY Suborder:
Cyclorrhapha

Family: Sarcophagidae
Genus : S arcophaga
Wolfahrtia
S pecies : Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis (Fallen, 1817)
Sarcophaga fusicauda
Wolfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862)
W olfahrtia vigil (Walker, 1849)
MORPHOLOGY
 Sarcophaga spp. Wohlfahrtia spp.
LARVA
Anterior spiracles numerous openings up to 14 openings

Have in incomplete peritreme and the

Have 3 straight vertical openings and
Posterior spiracles opening of the spiracles are parallel to
incomplete peritreme
each other

ADULT

Thorax Has 3 longitudinal stripes Bears row of setae on its hypopleuron

Dull light grey with distinctive patterns

Pattern of dark rectangles
Abdomen of black stripes and spots

Vein 4 of wing bends towards the Vein 4 curving sharply up towards the
Wing leading edge outer leading edge

Arista of antenna Has setae No setae

Between tarsal claws has large Between tarsal claws has large pulvilli
Legs
pulvilli

Table S1. Comparison of morphology between genus Sarcophaga and

Wohlfahrtia
 Figure S2. Wohlfahrtia magnifica
(Schiner, 1862), A. Habitus of male
(scale bar: 2 mm), B. Male
genitalia
(scale bar: 0.5 mm),
Pseudocephalon C.
and larvathoracic
segments of third instar (scale
bar: 1mm), D. Posterior spiracles of
third instar larva (scale bar: 0.25
mm),
E. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton of
third instar larva (scale bar: 0.5
mm),
F. Anterior spiracles and spines of
third instar larva (scale bar: 0.15
mm).

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Wohlfahrtia-magnifica-Schiner-1
862- A-Habitus-of-male-scale-bar-2-mm-B-Male_fig2_259537734
 Figure S3. Multiple views of posterior end and spiracles of
larvae of Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart, a flesh fly.

Source: https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassipalpis.htm
 Figure S4. Dorsal of the Figure S5. Frontal view of the head of
thoracic view stripes three Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart, a flesh
crassipalpi Macquart,on a flesh Sarcophag
fly. fly
s
head is at the The
top of the image.a

Source: https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassipalpis.htm
 LIFE
CYCLE

egg larva pupa adult

Figure S6. Sarcophaga crassipalpis complete

metamorphosis

Source: https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassipalpis.htm
 Sarcophaga spp. Wohlfahrtia spp.
Adult Female Ovoviviparous Larviparous

preferentially in the genitalia of the hosts,

carrion, dung and decaying organic
Larviposited open wounds and mucosae, e.g. in the
material, open wounds of animals.
mouth, nose, ears or eyes.

4 to 8 days on the host's superficial

Larva (1st instar- 3rd instar) approximately 5 days tissues, which are progressively
destroyed

Pupa 10 days 4 to 12 days

Adult Life Span approximately 3 0 days 35 to 40 days

Table S2. Comparison of life cycle between genus Sarcophaga and

Wohlfahrtia
Figure S7. Life cycle of Boettcherisca
peregrina

Source: https://msptm.org/files/Vol36No1/131-142-Guo-YD.pdf
 Figure S8. Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis Figure S9. Adult female depositing first instar
mating maggots (white larvae, right)

Source: https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassipalpis.htm
A Figure S10. (A) Larva in lateral view with scale size.
The head is to the left, (B) Darkening pupa
coloration in Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart, a
flesh fly, indicates advancing development within that
stage of the life cycle

B Source: https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassipalpis.htm
 Figure S11. Dorsal view of adult female Figure S12. Anterior lateral view of an Sarcophaga
Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart, a flesh fly crassipalpis Macquart, a flesh fly. Fly is on glass, which
reflects some of the legs

Source: https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassipalpis.htm
PATHOGENECIT
Y
Disease Gastrointestinal myiasis Superficial myiasis

Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis

E tiology Accidental Facultative

Host cattle, sheep, human cattle, sheep dog, human

P athoge ingesting contaminated food exposed open wound

nes is
presence of larvae in
rancid, bloodstained pus,
fresh stool samples is
pain, and irritation in the
Clinical observed itching and
infected tissue
signs inflammation around the anal
tissue
Table S3. Showing the pathogenecity of Sarcophaga
spp.
 F igure S 13 . Necros ed bowel s egment with numerous Figure S14. Superficial myiasis in dog
larvae from gatrointestinal myiasis

Source: https://www.ijpmonline.org/viewimage.asp?img=IndianJPatholMicrobiol_2012_55_3_384_101753_f1.jpg
Source: http://animals.trendolizer.com/2017/09/graphic-vet-warns-about-common-infestation-that-plagues-dogs-humans---david-avocado-wolfe.html
 Disease Cutaneous myiasis Otomyiasis Traumatic myiasis

Wohlfartia magnifica Wohlfartia magnifica Wohlfartia vigil

Etiology
Obligatory Obligatory Obligatory

sheep, goats, cattle,

Host goose cat, dog
camel, horses, dogs,
humans

larva penetrates
the unbroken
larva pierce on animal body
P athogenes is s kin and forms
burrow on a healthy and or orifices
a boil-like
open wound and orifices
(furuncular)
swelling
through which
the posterior
s howing a hemorrhagic
end of the larva
tissue become necrotic and appearance with a pungent
Clinical signs may be seen
hemorrhagic, often smell and
infected with secondary containing crusted areas
bacteria
intense irritation and
Table S4. Showing the pathogenecity of Wohlfahrtia spp. inflammation of the
Figure S15. Infestation by W. magnifica
in different hosts and body regions. (A)
Severe infestation of the vulva region in
a goat caused by 221 maggots of
W. magnifica (scale bar 4 cm), (B)
S crotal infes tation in a ram caus ed by
8 3 maggots of W. magnifica, note the
huge swelling of the scrotum due to the
inflammatory and necrotic processes
(scale bar 4 0 cm), (C) Particular of B,
note as maggots of W. magnifica are
visible in the deep part of the lesion
(scale bar 2 cm), (D) Severe wounds
destroying the anatomy and the
physiology of the prepuce of a dog
caused by 202 developing larvae of W.
magnifica (scale bar 10 cm)

Source: https ://www.researchgate.net/figure/nfestation-

by-W-magnifica-in-different-hosts-and-body- regions-a-
Severe-infestation-of_fig1_51097539
 Figure S16. Otomyiasis in goose where in larvae is present from Figure S17. Traumatic and severe myiasis in epidermoid cyst of a
meatus acusticus dog caused by larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) in
Montalto Uffugo, southern Italy (scale bar: 2 cm)

Source: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/625d/545867b1c608e4385515aeb80fea07824668.pdf?_ga=2.45668643.669612890.1652687384-1638651018.1652250416 Source: https://

www.researchgate.net/figure/Severe-myiasis-in-epidermoid-cyst-of-a-dog-caused-by-larvae-of-Wohlfahrtia-magnifica_fig1_259537734
 IN GENERAL
tentative diagnosis of myiasis- presence of dermal swelling with central opening
Diagnosis
definitive diagnosis can be made ONLY after extraction and identification of a typical larva

 larvicides contain disinfectants, painkillers, and/or wound healing chemicals

Treatment synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin), carbamates
(e.g. carbaryl, propoxur) and organophosphates (e.g. chlorpyrifos, diazinon,
trichlorfon, etc.).

 Physical
 eradication of breeding substrate for the flies (i.e. any kind of organic material
such as manure, feed or silage waste, remains of hay, straw, bedding, crashed eggs,
carcasses, etc.)
 plumbing and hos epipes mus t be leak-free and regularly
Prevention and Control maintained, and rainwater mus t be properly drained

 Chemical
 dicyclanil- insect development inhibitor administered as a pour-on to sheep. 100%
protection for 24 weeks and >80% protection for 31 weeks have been reported
after a single treatment
 s praying ins ecticides /adulticides applied directly on the manure
heaps , or for s praying floors , drains,
Table S2. General diagnosis, treatment, Prevention and control of Myiasis
crevices, where fly maggots could hide