Professional Documents
Culture Documents
for
Flow Measurements and Techniques
using
Standardized Methodology
Overview
Background
Uncertainty Analysis (UA) Frameworks
AIAA (1995)
UA Implementation Example
Methodology
Assessment of Elemental Uncertainties
Customized GUI for UA Implementation
Conclusions
Outlook
Background
SAMPLE REQUEST
regarding uncertainty analysis originated from a Hydrologic Service
…. Has anybody out there had to defend the validity of an ADCP flow
measurement against a legal challenge from a third party?
……When current meters were used to undertake these measurements we could
claim that the flow measurement was undertaken in conformance with British
and International standards for current meter gauging and that the current meter
had a valid calibration certificate…
In the case where flow measurements are now taken using ADCPs we feel more
vulnerable to legal challenges. This is for two reasons:
1. There is no ISO document in place. The Agency has to rely on its own internal
document on gauging procedures which is based on the draft ISO document.
2. ADCPs do not have "certificates of calibration" . The only checks on the
performance that can be made are against other ADCPs or other types of flow
monitoring equipment.
= total error
= bias error
= precision error
k+ 1
k k k+ 1
X
Bias error (b): fixed, systematic X tru e X k X k+ 1
(a) tw o read in g s
Bias limit (B): estimate of b
Precision error (e): random
X
X tru e
M A G N ITU D E O F X
(b ) in fin ite n u m b e r o f read in g s
AIAA (1995)
Implementation Sequence
Determine the data reduction equation
Key feature: data-reduction equation r r X1, X2 ,, X J
r = r(X1, X2, X3,…, Xj)
IND IVIDUA L
1 2 J M E AS URE M E NT
S YSTEM S Assess relative significance of uncertainty
sources (order of magnitude estimates)
X X X M E AS URE M E NT
1 2 J O F IND IV IDUAL
B ,P B ,P B ,P VAR IAB LE S
1 1 2 2 J J
r E XPER IM EN TAL
For the experimental result r, determine the
B,P
r r
RE SU LT precision and bias limits and overall uncertainty
AIAA (1995)
Implementation Aspects
Measurement systems for each individual variable Xi : instrument, data acquisition and
reduction procedures, operational environment (laboratory, in situ), the flow and its
interaction with the instrument and the environment
Estimates of errors are meaningful only when considered in the context of the process
leading to the value of the quantity under consideration
Uncertainties estimated following the signal propagation from sensor to the
final result
Uncertainties estimated with a pre-established confidence level (95% for most
engineering areas)
UA differently conducted dependent on the type of experiment:
Single test (for complex or expensive experiments): one set of
measurements (X1, X2, …, Xj) for r
1 M
The result and its uncertainty is r Ur with r
M
r
k 1
k
Implementation Aspects
sound engineering judgment to optimize the output with minimum costs, e.g.:
use of end-to-end uncertainty estimation approach
uncertainty sources < 1/4 or 1/5 of the largest sources are usually considered
negligible
AIAA (1995) S E LE C T U N C E R TA IN T Y M E T H O D
D E S IG N T H E T E S T
- D E S IR E D PA R A M E T E R S (C D , C R,....)
- M O D E L C O N F IG U R AT IO N S (S )
- T E S T T E C H N IQ U E (S )
Implementation -
-
M E A S U R E M E N T S R E Q U IR E D
S P E C IF IC IN S T R U M E N TAT IO N
- C O R R E C T IO N S T O B E A P P L IE D
Aspects
D E T E R M IN E E R R O R S O U R C E S
A F F E C T IN G R E S U LT S
phases of the E S T IM AT E E F F E C T O F
T H E E R R O R S O N R E S U LT S
measurement
NO U N C E R TA IN T Y NO
IM P R O V E M E N T
A C C E P TA B L E ?
P O S S IB L E ?
NO YES
NO TEST IM P L E M E N T T E S T
S TA R T T E S T
M E A SU R E-
R E S U LT S NO MENT
A C C E P TA B L E ? SYSTEM
P R O BL E M ?
YES YES
NO C O N T IN U E T E S T S O LV E P R O B L E M
D O C U M E N T R E S U LT S
YES E S T IM AT E - R E F E R E N C E C O N D IT IO N
PU RPO SE
A C T U A L D ATA - P R E C IS IO N L IM IT
A C H IE V E D ?
U N C E R TA IN T Y - B IA S L IM IT
- T O TA L U N C E R TA IN T Y
AIAA (1995)
IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLE
Extensively used in laboratory measurements and field conditions,
from simple (Pitot tube) to complex (LDV) instruments
Qm
Measurable Area
Qeb
Unmeasurable Bottom Area
V f u f , v f
Vb u b , vb
y
T zU ( t )
Qm V
0 zL (t )
f
V b k dz dt
ADCP UA: Implementation
Qi , j
i 1 i i 1 i Ns
j
j 1
unit area for Qi , j
Using BT
N s 1 n
z z j t i 1 t i
Qm
i 1 j 1
j 1
2 sin
vb 4 vb3 v1 v 2 vb1 vb 2 v4 v3 i 1, j
ADCP UA: Implementation
Exact approach: in-bin discharge
Using BT
DEPTHS
Qmi , j f FD1 , FD 2 , FD 3 , FD 4 , FS ,DC ,FDD b1, DFD;b1 , FD b1 , FD b1 , , r , p, h, t a , z
top ADCP B
D p D0 D a D p Da
D B Db for Mode 1; D B Db for Mode 5
ADCP UA: Implementation
Exact approach – top and bottom discharges (extrapolation)
DIS CHARGE (m 3 /s )
Z3
D ADCP
TOP LAYER 3-P OINT SLOP E
TOP Q (ES TIMATED) P OWER
DB CONS TANT
Z2
D top ADCP
TRANSDUCER FACE ACTUAL
SCALAR P ROFILE
D TRIPLE (m 2/s 2 )
PRODUCT
DEPTH D total
CELL Da
MID Q ADCP
D avg MEASURED ADCP
DISCHARGE VELOCITIES
Z P OWER FIT
D LG
Z1 P OWER
BOTTOM LAYER
BTM Q (ES TIMATED) P OWER IN LOW 0.2 D total
CONS TANT
m
Da Z 3 b 1
Z2b 1
t i 1 t i u a vb ub va j Da Z b 1
1
m
ti 1 t i u a vb ub va j
j 1
Qbi Qt
j 1
Z b 1
2
Z1 b 1
i
Z b 1
2
Z b 1 1
ADCP UA: Implementation
Uncertainty Propagation to Final Result: Bias Limit
BQ2 BQ2 BQ2 BQ2 BQ2 BQ2 BQ2
t m em et eb el er
Q 2 2 2
Qmi , j 2 Qmi , j 2 4 Qmi , j
2
2 Qmi , j 2
2
n p p r r
mi , j
B 2
B B Bv Bv
r 1 va r
a r v br
br
2 2 2 2
N s 1 j 1
Qmi , j 2 Qmi , j 2 Qmi , j 2 Qmi , j 2
B2
B B
zi1 z zi t ti1 t
B Bt
i
Qm z
i 1
j 1 j i 1 i j
n 1 4 Qmi , j Qmi , j
0 .15
va rj var ( j 1)
B B
v a rj v a r ( j 1)
j 1 r 1 j i
Q 2 2
4 Q
2 2
2
eti B 2 Qeti B 2 eti B 2 Qeti B 2 Qeti B 2
n
p p r r
j 1 t 1 va t
vat v vbt
bt j
2 2 2 2 2
N s 1
Qeti 2 Qeti 2 Qeti 2 Qeti 2 Qeti 2
BQ2et BDa BD
BDo BD
BDb
i 1 Da
D D
Do Db
p avg
p avg
2 2
Qeti B 2 Qeti B 2 0.15 Qeti Qeti B B
n 1 4
t ti 1 t ti
va rj var ( j 1)
v a rj v a r ( j 1 )
i1 i j 1 r 1
j
i
2 2 2 2 2
Q Q 2 Qel 2 2
B 2
el BV2 el BL BD Qel BD
Q
el B2
Qet D D
Vel Le
el e avg ADCP
avg ADCP
2 2 2 2
2 Qer 2 2
Q Q Qer 2 Q
B 2
er BV2 er BL BD BD er B2
Qer
Davg
Ver Ler D ADCP
er er avg r ADCP
r
ADCP UA: Implementation
tS Qt
PQt
M
U Qt BQ2t PQ2t
ADCP UA: Implementation
Practical approach
(pitch and roll neglected in DRE; errors accounted through end-to-end calibrations)
q = beam angle,
where
a = angle of the flow to instrument
β = angle of the boat velocity
V1 ~ V4 = in beam water velocities
Vb = boat velocity
total discharge
n
N s 1
Qt V f i 1, j Vb , i 1 sin( i 1, j
i 1 ) z j 1 z j t i 1 t i Qel Qer
i 1 j 1
ADCP UA Software - architecture
• Developing tools - Borland C++ Builder (v.6) & Microsoft Access
• Software Configuration
ADCP Uncertainty Analysis & GUI Flow Chart
Numerical Display
Graphical Display
Uncertainty Analysis Output
5
4
3
2
1
ADCP UA Software - GUIs
Archive database
- Elemental uncertainties are archived in categories based on river characteristics.
- Users with limited level of preparedness can estimate uncertainties
using default values obtained in similar environment and operating conditions.
- The stored information is updated as soon as new measurements are processed.
- User can also create new archives using new classification categories
ADCP UA Software - GUIs
Information for archiving
Discharge
Channel
Profile
River Characteristics
Relevant Literature
for error sources
ADCP UA Software - GUIs
Assessment of precision limit
Variation of Discharge
Measurements
Repeated Measurements
for a transect
Result
ADCP UA Software & GUIs
Assessment of total uncertainty
Calculated Uncertainty in
Discharge Measurement
Conclusions
Questions?