Unit 2.

2
Specific Objectives
At the end of this teaching learning session students will be
able to :
Define planning.
Enlist and describe different type of planning .
Illustrate the planning cycle.
Explain the planning steps.
 Types of Planning
1. ACCORDING TO MANAGERIAL HIERARCHY
a. Corporate Planning (Strategic Planning)
b. Tactical Planning (Divisional Planning)
c. Operational Planning (Unit Planning/Functional Planning
2. ACCORDING TO THE USE
d. Single Use Plan  
e. Standing Use
3. ACCORDING TO FLEXIBILITY
f. Specific Plan
g. Flexible Plan
 1.Strategic Planning
“Strategic plans are all about why things need to happen,”
Story said. “It’s big picture, long-term thinking.
It starts at the highest level with defining a mission and
casting a vision.”
Strategic planning includes a high-level overview of the
entire business.
It’s the foundational basis of the organization and will
dictate long-term decisions.
The scope of strategic planning can be anywhere from the
next two years to the next 10 years.
Important components of a strategic plan are vision,
mission and values.
 2.Tactical Planning
“Tactical plans are about what is going to happen,
“Basically at the tactical level, there are many focused, specific, and
short-term plans, where the actual work is being done, that support the
high-level strategic plans.”
Tactical planning supports strategic planning. It includes tactics that the
organization plans to use to achieve what’s outlined in the strategic plan.
Often, the scope is less than one year and breaks down the strategic plan
into actionable chunks.
Tactical planning is different from operational planning in that tactical
plans ask specific questions about what needs to happen to accomplish a
strategic goal; operational plans ask how the organization will generally
do something to accomplish the company’s mission.
 3.Operational Planning
 “Operational plans are about how things need to happen
 This type of planning typically describes the day-to-day
running of the company.
 Operational plans are often described as single use plans
or ongoing plans. Single use plans are created for events
and activities with a single occurrence (such as a single
marketing campaign).
 Ongoing plans include policies for approaching problems,
rules for specific regulations and procedures for a  step-
by-step process for accomplishing particular objectives
ACCORDING TO THE USE
a. Single Use Plan:
 They are developed to meet the needs of particular
situation.
 They are prepared for non repetitive activities such as
project planning, budget planning etc.
 They are used only once.
b. Standing Use Planning :
They are developed for ongoing repetitive activities
such as mission, goals, policies, procedures, rules etc.
Such plans are used over a long period of time.
ACCORDING TO FLEXIBILITY
Specific Plan
 They have clearly defined objectives.
 There is no ambiguity. There is no room for misinterpretation
and misunderstanding.
 Specific procedures, specific budget and specific schedule of
activities are specified to reach the objective.
Flexible Plan
 They are also known as directional plan.
 They provide general guidelines. They do not provide specific
objectives or specific course of action.
 They can be changed according to changes in the environment.
Planning Cycle :
 Planning Formulation (Planning)
 Planning formulation is the first step of planning in which
plan is formulated for the program.
 Plan is formulated carefully in written form giving
particular attention to details.
 A plan is made in written form to be implemented.
 Planning formulation is the process of making the plan of
action.
Cont..
Planning Execution (Implementation)
 In this step, the formulated plan is new executed in
practice.
 This is the time of plan implementation.
 Implementation is the process of putting the plan of
action into operation.
.
Cont..
Plan Evaluation
 Planning evaluation is the process of assessing the
degree of success of a particular program and
identifying the limitations and problems, which need
timely treatment for further operation of the program.
 Plan evaluation is the process of determining the
program appropriateness, effectiveness, efficiency and
success
PLANNING CYCLE (STEPS OF PLANNING)

1. Analysis of the Health Situation

It involves the collection, assessment and interpretation of
information in such a way as to provide a clear picture of the health
situation.
The following data are minimum essential requirements for health
planning: the population, its age, and sex distribution ,Statistics of
morbidity and mortality
Epidemiology and geographical distribution of different diseases
 Medical facilities like hospital, health centres
 Technical man-power of various categories
 Training facilities available
 Attitudes and beliefs of the population towards disease, its cure
and prevention 
2.Establishment of Objectives and Goal Objectives and
goals are needed to guide efforts.
Unless objectives are established, there is likely to be
haphazard activity, uneconomical use of funds and poor
performance.
 Objective must be SMART
• S = specific
• M = measurable
• A = Achievable
• R = Realistic
• T = Time bound
Example: By the end of 2015 90% of eligible children
will be vaccinated against target disease in Nepal.
 3.Assessment of Resources
The term resources implies the manpower, money, materials,
skills, knowledge and techniques needed or available for the
implementation of health programme.
These resources are assessed and a balance is struck between
what is required and what is available or likely to be available in
terms of resources.
 Fixing Priorities Once the problems, resources and objectives
are determined, the next most important step in planning is
establishment of priorities in order of importance or magnitude.
Since the resources always fall short of the total requirement.
Once the priorities have been established, alternate plans for
achieving them are also formulated and assessed in order to
determine whether they are practicable and feasible.
Criteria - In identifying priority problem
• The magnitude of problem
• Degree of Severity
• Feasibility - Effectiveness - Cost and social
acceptability of intervention
• Community concern
• Government concern and social
acceptability
4.Write-up of Formulated Plan
The next step is the preparation of the detailed plan. The
plan must be complete in all respects for the execution of a
project.
Each stage of the plan is defined and costed as the time
needed to implement is specified.
The plan must contain working guidance and a built in
system of evaluation.
The purpose of writing the plan is to request funds or
resources for monitoring and evaluating the implementation
process by all concerned.
5.Programming and Implementation
Once the health plan has been selected and approved
by the policy making authorities, programming and
implementation are begun.
Monitoring
This consists of record keeping and reporting of the
ongoing processes, (day to day activities). It should
start from the beginning of the program.
Registers are maintained, and records are summarized
into monthly summary reports
6. Evaluation
 This is done at fixed times.
 Evaluation is done of the inputs, process and
outcome.
 Outcome is short term and impact is long
term.
 Indicators are used here.