ABILITY –

LIMITATION -
CAPABILITY
I PUTU GEDE ADIATMIKA

POSTGRADUATE ERGONOMICS PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
Intoduction

 All activity were pointed to get a better human life

 People can do the work through any kinds of activity
 Tools is one aspects that have many impacts in the human activity
Man and it’s job
task

internal man external

output
General Human Factors Application

 HF is applied to Human Machine

Systems:
 Manual Systems
 Mechanical Systems
 Automated Systems
General Human Factors Application

 HF focuses upon human interaction with:

 Products
 Equipment
 Facilities
 Procedures
 Environments

 Emphasis is on human beings, and on engineering to meet the capabilities of

humans
Ergonomics approach

 FIT THE JOB TO THE MAN

 FIT THE MAN TO THE JOB

A Human Being

 A human being is a psychophysiological entity

 Humans use their senses to find information about the surrounding world
 Human senses have abilities and limitations
 Humans are very different from machines
A Human Being

 Cognitive psychology
 Senses
 Mechanisms of reasoning
 Physical qualities of humans are part of genetical heritage
 Besides genetics there are cultural factors affecting our behaviour
Cultural Factors

 Beliefs
 Language
 Art
 Attitudes
 Tools
 Buildings
 User Interfaces
 Look at the
chart
 Say the
colour of
the word,
not the
word itself

Why is it hard? Optillusions.com

 The fact that we can misperceive
situations despite the best of
intentions is one of the main reasons
that our decisions and actions can
be flawed such that …
Man machine interface

 Work with / out tools

 Tools must fit to the man otherwise the man fit to the job
 Manual
 Powered
Man machine interface

 The tools should :

 Need good display and control
 Good design
 User friendly
 Appropriate technology
 Safety
Man machine interface

 The man work in a proper work posture

 Work in a good work environment
 Have good nutrition and socio culture
 Good organization
Human and Tools

 Human is not a tools

 They have an optimal capacity
 They need several tools to help them during work
 Type of tools
 Hand tools
 Power tools
 System
 Software
 etc
People at work

Fit the job to the people Fit the people to the job
 Work condition Worker capacity
 Work station  Limitation
 Working time, etc  Excess
 Shortcoming

SHOULD BE :
 Will
 Able
 Brave
Man - job

MAN JOB
• Limitation • Task
• Ability • Organization
• Capability • Environment
Tools – user friendly

 Base on the worker need

 The worker should be encouraged during the design process
 Ask for their participation
 To develop concern and commitment
Ability – limitation - capability

 Own to every human being

 can be use to achieve to best performance comprehensively
 Should be use well to cope negative impact of them
Ability

 The fact of being able to do something – practical ability

 Someone who gave ability – able or have facility to do something (mental or

physical
 Skills – the ability to do something well
 Talent
 Level of skill
Ability 21

06/09/2022
 Farmers in the rice field
 Typist
 Computer operator
 Health care

 We can see their skill in doing specific work

Limitation

 A limiting rule or circumstance; a restriction

 A condition of limited ability; a defect or failing
 The action of limiting something
 Mental or physic
 Hard skill or soft skill
Limitation 23

06/09/2022
 Constrain to do the regular work
 Body dimension – height, obese
 Lost of one eye
 Amputation
 Paralize
 etc
Capability

 Refer to hidden potential that possible to be done and not visible this time
 Certificate
 competence

 Capacity : basic abilities obtained from birth

 Genetic factors
 Body weight, strength, height, etc
Example

 Every wan can read (capacity), learn to able to read (ability), and can read faster
(capability), but he/her eyes have no normal visus (limitation)

 Every one can type using computer (capacity), have computer certificate (ability),
using computer for develop an application (capability), the hand is tremor
(limitation)
User friendly – base on user

 Human being should be considerable aspect during designing process

 Human senses – as receptor in human machine interface
 Seeing
 Hearing
 Reading
 Touching
 Smelling, etc
Physical Qualities of Humans

 We are usually from 1,5 meters to 2 meters tall

 Young humans are much smaller than adults
 We have hands capable of precise movements and adjustments
 Child’s coordination of movements is not as good as adult’s

 Every human has ability, capability, capacity and limitation

Sense of Sight

 Sight is the most important of our senses

 User Interfaces are largely dependent on visual information they produce

 Humans are not very good at seeing in darkened environments

 Differences between shades of blue color are more difficult to observe for humans
 For older persons distiction between shades of blue becomes even more difficult
Process of Reading

 Reading is normally based on recognition of words, not individual letters

 Hlleo wlrod
 Eg. Use of CAPITAL LETTERS distracts reading, because we have learned to
recognize words written in small letters
 If a word is meant to be read as letters, it should be written used capital letters
(PHP, ASAP)
Hearing

 Hearing is very important in communications between humans, since speech is a

central way or communicating
 Humans can make conscious efforts to distinct faint sounds amongst loud ones
Hearing

 Hearing has traditionally been overlooked in UI design

 Alarm sounds
 Sounds to reinforce visual information
 Sounds can be seen as disturbing others
 Sounds may not be heard, when working in noisy conditions
Other Senses

 Human beings have reasonably developed senses of smelling and touching

 Importance of aforementioned senses are often neglected in UI design
 Also it is not easy to produce smells, although there have been some experiments
Other Senses

 UI design leans heavily on our ability to remember and recognize things

 Human beings have a very good memory of smells
 Therefore use of smell can be considered as a possibility for UI designers
How does human factors positively impact
design?
 Human Factors in Design Considers Human Limitations:
 Information Theory
 Memory Resources
 Attention Resources
 Compatibility Expectations
 Input Modalities
 Anthropometrics
 Strength capability
 Visual acuity
 Acoustic sensitivity
How does human factors positively impact
design?
 This ensures that the final product/system/environment can
be effectively utilized by the end user, without exceeding
their capabilities
 Failure to consider these factors can lead to:
 User frustration
 Fatigue
 High error rates
 Accidents
 System failures
 What is an error?
 the failure of a planned action to achieve its intended outcome

 a deviation between what was actually done and what should

have been done

• A definition that may be easier to remember is:

○ “Doing the wrong thing when meaning to do the right
thing.”
Not a good day at the office!
Are the lines crooked or straight?
Optillusions.com
Situations associated with an increased
risk of error
 unfamiliarity with the task*
 inexperience*
 shortage of time
 inadequate checking
 poor procedures
 poor human equipment interface

Vincent
* Especially if combined with lack of supervision
Individual factors that predispose to
error
 limited memory capacity
 further reduced by:
○ fatigue
○ stress
○ hunger
○ illness
○ language or cultural factors
○ hazardous attitudes
Human Factors - Avoiding Errors.

 Plan, design, manufacture, and implement systems that:

 Utilisehuman capabilities;
 Cater to human limitations:
 Redundancies;
 Layered defences;
 Fail-safe design etc etc etc

 Train & equip humans to:

 Utilisethe system;
 Recognise and minimise their limitations;
 Learn from errors.
 Don’t forget ….

If you’re
 H ungry
H
 A ngry A
 L ate
or
L
 T ired ….. T
 A performance-shaping factors
“checklist”
 I Illness
 M Medication
prescription, alcohol & others
 S Stress
 A Alcohol
 F Fatigue
 E Emotion

Jensen, 1987
Konsep Diri 44

 Pengenalan diri yang semakin baik memungkinkan seseorang

mampu memiliki konsep diri yang tepat. Dia dapat mengibaratkan
dirinya dengan sesuatu hal, yang dengan tepat menggambarkan
dirinya
 Kita bisa mengibaratkan diri kita dengan sesuatu hal, yang kita sebut
sebagai simbol diri sendiri
 Simbol diri ini dapat saja kita ubah sejalan dengan bertambahnya
pengenalan kita tentang diri sendiri, dan perubahan-perubahan yang
sudah terjadi dalam diri kita
Gambaran / Konsep Tentang 45

Diri Sendiri
 Muncul dari pemahaman dan pandangan kita tentang diri
kita sendiri
 Gambaran (kosep) itu bisa baik bisa buruk, tergantung
bagaimana kita memandang diri kita sendiri
 Supaya gambaran atau konsep diri kita lebih objektif –
realistik, kita perlu pemahaman yang mendalam tentang
diri kita sendiri
 Kita perlu memetakan kekuatan dan kelemahan diri kita
sendiri
Gambaran / Konsep Tentang 46
Diri Sendiri

1. Kekuatan dan kelemahan (fisik dan Psikis)

2. Tanggapan atas kekuatan dan kelemahan
 Peran Aset
Pikirkanlah kekuatan-kekuatan Anda berulang kali, kekuatan
Anda mempresentasikan diri Anda
 Peran Liabilitas
Ambillah tiga kelemahan yang paling atas dan lakukan sesuatu
terhadapnya. Kita harus selalu berusaha untuk menjadi
semakin baik
Mengembangkan Kekuatan 47

Mengatasi Kelemahan (1)

Perlu introspeksi diri
 Merefleksikan diri pada saat-saat tertentu
 Mengikuti kegiatan rohani, seperti: rekoleksi, retret,
tafakur, muhasabah, camping rohani, dsb.
 Minta bantuan orang lain yang lebih berpengalaman
 Berusaha belajar dari pengalaman sendiri dan orang lain
Mengembangkan Kekuatan 48

Mengatasi Kelemahan (2)

 Mengendalikan diri, dengan mengoptimalkan penggunaan
akal sehat dan suara hati.
 Membangun kepercayaan diri: membangun cara-cara
berpikir yang meningkatkan kepercayaan diri
 Mengenal dan mengambil inspirasi dari tokoh-tokoh
teladan
 Berpikir positip dan optimis terhadap diri sendiri
Analisis SWOT 49

 Tujuan mengenal diri, organisasi atau lembaga yang dimiliki

 Memahami pesaing atau lingkungan di luar kita
 Bagian-bagian :
 Kekuatan
 Kelemahan
 Peluang
 tantangan
Analisis diri 50

 Kekuatan  Kelemahan
 Apa yang ada di dalam diri / organisasi /  Apa yang menjadi faktor kekurangan kita
lembaga yang merupakan kelebihan dalam melakukan berbagai aktivitas
dibandingkan orang lain dibandingkan orang lain
Analisis diri terhadap kompetitor
 Peluang
 Setiap kondisi yang memungkinkan kita
melakukan kegiatan sesuai kekuatan yang
kita miliki
 Setiap kemungkin yang bisa dilaksanakan
51
 Tantangan
 Setiap kondisi yang menempatkan kita
harus bersaing dengan kompetitor lainnya
 Harus dihadapi untuk bisa berkembang
How to adopt ability, capability and
limitation
 Human factors as consideration in design process
 Concept : fit the job to the man

 Evaluation of human at work

 Ability – skill to do the work
 Capability – certificate / competence
 Capacity – talent
 Limitation – constrain, handicap
Self identification

 Self identification is needed to show the ability and capability at work

 Analysis SWOT
 Achieve the best competence for special work

 Keep learning for any new information and technology

 Time running so fast – word changing every time
Summary

 Work force have ability, capability, capacity and limitation.

 Every one can work according to the capacity
 It’s needed good design and user friendly for any technology, system that applied
at the organization based on human at work consideration.
Thank You