TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

Globally, Power Companies face losses

in Transmission and in Distribution.

Technical Losses

 Energy dissipated in the conductors

 Losses at Equipments: transmission

line, transformer, sub-transmission
line and distribution line

 Magnetic losses in transformers

Commercial Losses

 Defective metering

 Pilferage of electricity

 Illegal connections
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

 Losses are computed as (Input kWH – Billed kWH) /

Input kWH

 Losses vary at different Voltage levels

 Higher the voltage level lower are the losses

 Transmission Voltage levels

400 kV, 220 kV,132kV

 Distribution Voltage levels

33kV, 11 kV, 0.415 kV

 It is important to note that Electricity saved on account

of losses is equivalent to electricity produced
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

Transmission and Distribution losses is a global phenomenon.

Graphical presentation of losses in Developed economies is as follows-

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSSESS in % (World wide)

20

15

10 7.9 7.7
6.8 6.5
5.5
5

0
USA UK FRANCE GERMANY CHINA
Source :JEPIC, METI

To insert similar graph for Developing Economies – Select countries like India,
Pakistan…. Total 5 countries…. Insert sources of data in call cases
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

VOLTAGE LEVELS - DISTRIBUTION LOSSES in % - India

20

15.00 15.50
15
12.60

10
8.00
6.24 6.24
5 4.54 4.00
3.33 3.21 3.00

0
LT 11 Kv 33 Kv 132 Kv

ANDHRA PRADESH RAJASTHAN JHARKHAND

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSSES : Suggestions and Recommendations

1. Reasons of losses and suggestions on how to minimize

Higher I2R Losses – Replacement of conductor
Losses in LT – Implement HT distribution system
Measures at consumer service line – Introduce armoured cable
Load Balancing – Augmentation of Transformers
Feeder segregation – Segregation of Agriculture Feeders

2. Technological advancement
Distribution S/S – Use of 132 kV / 11 kV (elimination of 33 kV system)
Transformers – Use of Dry type in place of Oil type
Switchgears – Use of Gas Insulated Switchgears

3. Other relevant issues in loss reduction

Use of smart metering