A PRESENTATION

ON

“CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
OF POWER SYSTEM”
Presenters:
Anish Sharma Poudel (073/BEL/204)
Arjun Devkota (073/BEL/206)
Dipendra Gaudel (073/BEL/220)
Nisha Nepal (073/BEL/230)

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 OUTLINES
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPE OF VIOLATIONS
3. LOAD FLOW DIAGRAMS
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
5. FURTHER WORKS
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCES

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 INTRODUCTION
Contingency analysis is a well known function in modern Energy
Management System (EMS).
The goal of this power system analysis function is to give the
operator information about the static security.
Contingency analysis of a power system is a major activity in
power system planning and operation.
In general, an outage of one transmission line ,transformer or
sudden change in load may lead to over loads in other branches
and/or sudden system voltage rise or drop which are also called
violations. Here, contingency analysis is used to calculate violations
and hence tries to maintain stability in the power system.

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 TYPE OF VIOLATIONS
• Line contingency and generator contingency are most common
type of contingency.
• Two types of violations. 1.Low voltage violations
2.Line MVA limits violations

LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS

• These type of violations occurs at the buses i.e. voltage at the
buses is less than the specified value.
• Operating range of voltage at any buses is 0.95-1.05 p.u. if
voltage falls below 0.95 p.u., bus is said to have low voltage.
• Hence, in case of low voltage, reactive power is supplied to the
buses to increase voltage profile.
• For high voltage reactive power is absorbed.
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 Line MVA Limits violations

 When the MVA rating of the line exceeds given rating , this
violations occurs.
 The lines are designed in such a way that they should be able to
withstand 125% of their MVA limit.

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 METHODOLOGY
1.Sensitivity factor method
Generation shift factor(G.S.F)
G.S.F=change in power flow of line/change in
generation of power
Line outage distribution factor(L.O.D.F)
L.O.D.F=change in power flow of line/power flow
in outage line

2.Ac load flow analysis

Decoupled load flow analysis using Dig-SILENT is
used to calculate active and reactive power. Though it is
difficult to analysis the contingency, but it is more accurate.

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LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM FOR 5 BUS SYSTEM

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Generator Capacity G1=G2=400MW, 100MVar(Q)

Generators P(MW) Q(Mvar) I(KA)

G1 213.9 199 0.0422

G2 400 136.6 0.61

BUS DATA

Bus Voltages(KV) Voltages(p.u.) Angle(Degree)

B1 390.9 0.98 -0.3
B2 400 1 0
B3 381.3 0.95 -1.8
B4 381.2 0.95 -1.2
B5 400 1 1.9

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GENERATOR OUTAGE

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LINE 1-2 OUTAGE

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 RESULTS
Calculation of AND DISCUSSION
GSF when generator 1 is
outage
original final change in change in
Lines flow(MW) flow(MW) flow generation GSF
Line 2-3 168.8 81.2 -87.6 -213.9 0.409537167
Line 1-2 45.1 81.2 36.1 -213.9 -0.168770453
Line 1-5 158 293.1 135.1 -213.9 -0.631603553
Line 4-5 235.5 321.8 86.3 -213.9 -0.403459561
Line 3-4 35.3 119.7 84.4 -213.9 -0.394576905

Calculation of LODF when line 1-2 is outage

original final change in

Lines flow(MW) flow(MW) flow LODF
Line 1-2 45.1      
Line 2-3 168.8 210 41.2 0.913525499
Line 3-4 35.3 10 -25.3 -0.56097561
Line 4-5 235.5 194.8 -40.7 -0.902439024
Line 1-5 158 200 8/23/20
42 0.931263858 11
LINE DATA
Lines Loadings(%) Resistance(ohm/km) Reactance(ohm/km) Susceptance(us/km)

Line 1-2 12.5 15 40 2

Line 2-3 30.4 15 40 2

Line 3-4 5.8 15 40 2

Line 4-5 37.9 15 40 2

Line 1-5 23.3 15 40 2

LOAD DATA

Loads P(MW) Q(Mvar)

l1 200 100
l2 200 100
l3 200 100

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 FURTHER WORKS
 Today, we have analyzed the 5 bus system
using Dig SILENT.
 In the next defense, we will enhance
the bus system to 14 bus and we will
determine the performance indices PIp
and PIv and accordance to these data, we
will rank the contingencies.

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 CONCLUSION
 Whenever the contingencies arise in the
system, the operator gets notified through
alarm and possible corrective actions can be
done.

 From our project, we have calculated the GSF

and LODF and found out the more sensitive
line 2-3 during outage of generator 1.
 And 1-5 is more sensitive when line 1-2 is
kept outage.
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 REFERENCES
 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
 https://www.researchgate.net/
 https://www.slideshare.net/
 Wood A.J and Wollenberg B.F., “Power generation, operation
and control”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1996.

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