PREFACE

EXISTING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

• Power distribution of plant
• Normal operating philosophy of plant
• Load Demand of plant

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• Objective
• Observations and recommendations

Load Flow Study and Analysis

• Introduction
• Objective of Load Flow Study
• Outcomes of Load Flow Study
• Methodology for Load Flow Study
• Assumptions made during Load Flow Study
• Load Flow Study configurations
• System Voltage Profile
• System apparent losses
• ETAP crystal report
• ETAP Load Flow Study report
 Case:1-Normal Operation (GRID)
 Case:2-DG SET

SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY AND ANALYSIS

• Objective of Short Circuit Study
• Methodology for Short Circuit Study
• Short Circuit Study configuration
• ETAP crystal reports
• ETAP Short Circuit Study report
 Case:1-Normal Operation (GRID)
 Case:2-DG SET

PROTECTIVE RELAY COORDINATION STUDY AND ANALYSIS

• Objective of Relay Coordination Study and Analysis
• Relay Coordination methodology
• Protection grading philosophy
• Relay Coordination Input data
• Low voltage circuit breaker release setting sheet

RELAY COORDINATION PLOTS

ARC FLASH ANALYSIS

 Objective of Arc Flash Analysis
 Definitions
 Arc Flash Results
  ETAP Arc Flash Analysis Report
 Case:1-Normal Operation (GRID)
 Case:2-DG SET

ARC FLASH LABELS

OVERALL SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)

REFERENCES
 List of Table

Table No. Description

1 Load distribution of plant.
2 Load flow configuration.
3 System voltage Profile.
4 Voltage Factor “c”
5 CB Opening Time
6 PPE Category Level as Per Incident Energy
7 Class of Gloves as per Standard ASTM D120-14a
 List of Figures

Figure No. Description

1 3-Phase fault level of 415 V voltage level
2 1-Phase fault level of 415 V voltage level
3 Load flow study I/O
4 Arc Flash Boundary Limits
PREFACE
The significance of the Protection System in the electrical networks needs no extra
emphasis, owing to the fact that any failure/mal-operation of protection device often proves
to be expensive to the business either due to failure or unwanted outage of the system or it
may turn out into fatal accident with loss of equipment, production and human being.

Thus in a power system, one of the most critical aspects is “Power System Protection”.
Power System Protection involves various protective devices to ensure that in case of a
short circuit or any electrical fault, system components are not damaged and as little of the
system is taken down with minimal outage and downtime. In order to provide adequate
protection for the circuit, these fault conditions must be simulated and analyzed.
 EXISTING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
 Power Distribution of Plant
Power distribution for complete plant electrical system is as under:

Power is fed in PCC-01 via. One distribution transformer of rating 2.0 MVA, 33/0.415 kV,
Dyn11 having 7.25% Impedance. Further, from PCC-01 power is fed to various MCCs and
PDBs.

PCC-01 is equipped with 2 nos. DG set of 1500 kVA at 415 V to cater load in emergency
condition.

SOURCE
ET01-AG02-200-EL-SLD-SP-7041 network has following sources:
1. Infinite source (GRID).
2. 2 no. of DG Set (1500 kVA).

LOADS
Majority of Loads connected in the system are PDBs, CHILLER MACHINE, WATER PUMP,
LDBs at 415 V voltage level.

 CONSIDERATION / ASSUMPTIONS MADE

Certain assumptions are made to carry out this system study. These assumptions are as
mentioned below. If any specific assumption is made, related to a particular study, then the
same has been specified in that particular section.

 Grid Parameter:
Following data of power grid parameters are essential for modelling
 Source voltage [ Vs ]
 Source fault level [ MVAsc ]
 Fault current or Source impedance
 X/R ratio value

The Power grid connection in system has been modelled as 415 V source. The fault level of
415 V network has been evaluated through 3-phase and 1-Phase fault level of 1 x 2.0 MVA,
33/0.415 kV Distribution transformer.

A typical X/R ratio of 6 has been taken to model the grid. (X/R ratio is as per Transformer
typical X/R ratio).

The zero sequance impedance of transformer has been considered 0.85 times of positive
sequence impedance (As per IEEE 242 guideline).

The screen shot of 415 V network fault level has been shown in below figure.
Fig. 1: 3-Phase fault level of 415 V Voltage level

Fig. 2: 1-Phase fault level of 415 V Voltage level

 Different operating philosophy of plant
Considering the source as the main constraint for Short Circuit and Load flow studies, mainly
plant operational philosophy has been categorized as under:

1. CASE:1 (Normal Operation)

Philosophy Normal Operation (GRID)
Source GRID
Description This is the normal operating philosophy of the Plant. Plant load cater
by 2 MVA, 33/0.415 kV Distribution Transformer.

2. CASE:2 (DG SET)

Philosophy DG SET (BLACK OUT CONDITION)
Source 2 no. DG
Description When 2 no. DG are main sources of plant and catering the total load of
the plant. GRID is OFF in this operating philosophy.

 Load Demand of plant

Complete Plant Load is distributed among different Load Centres, having different running
and connected load which are tabulated as under:

SR. NO. LOAD CENTRE CONNECTED LOAD (kW) RUNNING LOAD (kW)
1 MCC - 01 224 180
2 MCC - 02 244.3 195.4
3 MCC - 03 270.2 216.1
4 MCC - 04 208.6 166.9
5 MCC - 05 190 152
6 MLDB 75 60
7 MCC - 06 150 120
8 MCC - 07 547 438
9 PDB - 01 197 158
10 PDB - 02 193 161
11 MCC - 09 90 72
TOTAL 2,389.1 1,919.4

Table 1: Load Distribution of Plant

Hence, total running load of plant is approximately 1.9 MW and total connected load of plant is
2.3 MW.
EXECUTI
VE
SUMMA
RY
 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of Power System Study analysis is to study, analyze and calculate fault
level, evaluation of the relay settings, relay coordination and Arc flash study for entire plant
electrical system network.

To keep the system stable and healthy under all conditions, it is required to have complete
plant electrical system study, analysis, fault level calculation and relay coordination. This in-
turns resolves all the other loopholes in the system viz. equipment ratings, sizing,
optimization of protection, load distribution, relay settings for various protection functions.
Recommendations has been given and justified wherever required.

 OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on various simulation studies, observations and consolidated analysis of entire report,
there are certain quick observations and various recommendations proposed to mitigate
their adverse effect. All of these are tabulated hereunder and discussed later on in this
section.

1. Buscoupler as isolating switch

In existing system, 415 V PCC-01 is provided with 2 no. of Buscoupler along with circuit
breaker release. It is recommended to disabled the buscoupler release, as it shall add a step-
in time grading of protective device in relay co-ordination, and operating time will
unnecessarily increase at upstream relays.

2. Energy Reducing Maintenance Switch

Arc Flash Study has been conducted for ET01-AG02-200-EL-SLD-SP-7041 with the
recommended protective device settings. As per ET01-AG02-200-EL-SLD-SP-7041’s input,
following incident energy to be limited as per below table.

SR.
LOCATION INCIDENT ENERGY
NO.
1 Power Control Centre (PCC) Less than 40 cal/cm2
2 Motor Control Centre (MCC) Less than 8 cal/cm2
3 Distribution Board Less than 1.2 cal/cm2

It is observed based on Arc Flash simulation that the incident energy at some locations are
exceed than the suggested limit by ET01-AG02-200-EL-SLD-SP-7041.

SR. Incident Energy in ARC FLAH

Locations
NO. result. (cal/cm²)
1 APFC CP PN-1 8.8
2 APFC CP PN-2 8.8
3 MCC-07 8.836
4 PDB-02 9.297
 In order to reduce Arc Flash Hazards to minimum level, there are various methods
suggested in NFPA 70E, 2018 which can minimize the risk of Arc Flash hazards such as ERMS
switch, Reducing Arcing Current, Increasing Working Distance etc. Hence, suggests to
implement of ERMS switch at the all above locations.

 Energy Reducing Maintenance Switch (ERMS)

Energy Reducing Maintenance Switch (ERMS) is used to lower relay/trip unit pickup levels
and sacrifice coordination only when personnel is performing live work or when
maintenance is being performed. The following shall be considered prior to implementing
ERMS schemes:
 Technicians must manually enable the ERMS before doing maintenance work and then
disable it when work is complete.
 A local/remote indication is incorporated to alert plant personnel that system is in
maintenance mode.
 ERMS should also be pad-lockable to enable technicians to apply lockout/tag out
procedures.
 ERMS must be deactivated after live work is completed to avoid possible protection mis-
coordination and subsequent loss of selectively during a fault condition.
 ERMS’s overcurrent pickup setting must be set lower than the available arcing current
with no intentional delay (50 ms or less) in order to effectively reduce Arc Flash Incident
Energy.
 Hence, to Reduce Arc Flash Incident Energy in MCCs: Enable ERMS at the upstream low
voltage feeder circuit breaker.

3.
 INTRODUCTION
This section of report describes the objectives and outcomes of Load Flow Study and also
discusses the methodology adopted by System Protection for Load Flow Study and
Analysis. This includes as under:

 Objective of Load Flow Study

 Outcome of Load Flow Study
 Methodology for Load Flow Study

Fig. 3: Load Flow Study I/O

 OBJECTIVE OF LOAD FLOW STUDY LOAD

The basic aim of the Load Flow study is to examine the adequacy of equipment ratings and

FLOW
total load distribution of plant against available generation. Load flow analysis is necessary
to obtain how much the voltages, currents, and power (active and reactive) are flowing in
the power system network under steady state conditions. It also provides power losses in

STUDY
the system, the voltage profile and the percentage loading of line and transformer. Load
flow studies can also be used to determine the optimum size and location of capacitors for
power factor correction.

The other importance of the load flow analysis are as following:

 To plan ahead and account for various hypothetical situations that may occur in the
system.
 The impact of increased load on the system.
 Solutions for loss reduction in the system.
 Improvement of voltage profile

 OUTCOME OF LOAD FLOW STUDY

 The load flow calculation results are reported in the Crystal Reports format.
 Processed Input Data.
 Bus Voltage and Phase Angle with respect to swing bus for all buses, generation in
MW and MVAR, load in MW and MVAR, MVAR compensation.
 Line Flows and line loss in MW, MVAR and percent loading of the line.
 Flags abnormal operating conditions, such as overloaded cables and over- or under-
voltage buses, in different colours.
 Summary of Power Generation, System Load, Bus Reactor Input, Bus Capacitor
Output.
 METHODOLOGY OF LOAD FLOW STUDY
ETAP Software offers following four methods for Load-flow analysis and results.

• NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
This method calculates / solves iteratively the following Load Flow.

Where, ΔP, ΔQ = Real and Reactive power mismatch between

Specific and Calculated value
ΔV, Δd = Bus Voltage magnitude and angle mismatch between
Specific and Calculated value
J1-J4 = Jacobian Matrix

• ADAPTIVE NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

This is improved version of Newton-Raphson method. Though this method diverges
sometimes, it help to reach a Load flow solution where Newton-Raphson might fail. This
method used the incremental steps as follows:

f(xk+αk* Δxk) < f(xk)

Where, f(xk) = Definition of the function

αk = Controlling Factor
Δxk = Minute increment in variable xk

• FAST DECOUPLED METHOD

This method is derived from the Newton-Raphson Method. It depends upon the fact that
minute change in the Bus voltage does not changes real power flow in the system and
similarly a very little change in the load angle does not create considerable change in the
reactive power flow in the system.

On this virtue, Newton-Raphson Equation modifies to:

This method is generally used when the Newton-Raphson Method has failed when used for
long radial system or system with long transmission line or cable.

• ACCELERATED GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD

From the System Nodal Voltage Equation it is evident that:

This method derives the following equation and solves by iteration:

 Where, P, Q = Bus Real and Reactive power Vector
VT = Transpose of V
V* = Conjugate of V
YBus* = Conjugate of YBus

This method has a slower convergence speed. With appropriate acceleration factor chosen,
satisfactory convergence speed is obtained.

 CONSIDERATION / ASSUMPTIONS MADE DURING LOAD FLOW STUDY

Certain assumptions are made to carry out this system study. These assumptions are as
mentioned below. If any specific assumption is made, related to a particular study, then the
same has been specified in that particular section.

a) All LV MCCs are modelled as lump loads as per the loading details provided by ET01-
AG02-200-EL-SLD-SP-7041. Lump loads are considered in proportion of 80% Inductive
and 20% static load or based on available data in this switchgear.
b) All stand-by/Spare loads are not considered during the study.
c) Limits for Voltage variations from rated values are ±3% as marginal, i.e. allowable and ±5
% as Critical load i.e. needs consideration and corrective actions.
d) Limits for loading are 95% Marginal, i.e. allowable and 100% as the Critical, i.e. needs
consideration and corrective actions.
e) Adaptive Newton-Raphson method is used for the calculations.

 LOAD FLOW STUDY CONFIGURATIONS

We have conducted Load Flow Study of plant for following operating philosophies described
as under:

1. LF CASE-1: NORMAL OPERATION (GRID)

GRID (infinite source) as a source, catering entire plant load.
In this operating philosophy of plant, entire plant load is being catered by GRID (infinite
source), being the only source of power. ETAP results of Load flow study confirm the
adequacy of system parameters and equipment ratings for the reliable operation of the
system under this operating philosophy.

2. LF CASE-2: DG SET (BLACK OUT CONDITION)

2 no. DG as a source, catering entire plant load.
In this operating philosophy of plant, entire plant load is being catered by 2 no. DG,
being the source of power. ETAP results of Load flow study confirm the adequacy of
system parameters and equipment ratings for the reliable operation of the system under
this operating philosophy.
 Same has been tabulated as hereunder:

Study ID CASE-1 CASE-2

Load-MW 1.914 1.911
Load-Mvar 0.327 0.333
Generation-MW - 1.964
Generation-Mvar - 0.371
Grid-MW 1.960 -
Grid-Mvar 0.358 -
Grid-P.F. 98.37 % lagging -
Loss-MW 0.046 0.053
Loss-Mvar 0.031 0.038

Table 2: Load Flow Configuration

 SYSTEM VOLTAGE PROFILE

Voltage profile of overall system is within safe limits, which is tabulated as under:

VOLTAGE PROFILE
VOLTAGE CASE:1 CASE:2
BUS ID
(kV) VOLTAGE PROFILE
PCC-01 BUS-A 0.415 100 % 99.62 %
PCC-01 BUS-B 0.415 100 % 99.62 %
APFC CP PN - 1 0.415 100.4 % 99.99 %
APFC CP PN - 2 0.415 100.4 % 99.99 %
MCC-01 0.415 98.03 % 97.64 %
MCC-02 0.415 97.85 % 97.46 %
MCC-03 0.415 97.62 % 97.23 %
MCC-04 0.415 98.17 % 97.79 %
MCC-05 0.415 98.33 % 97.95 %
MLDB 0.415 96.72 % 96.33 %
MCC-06 0.415 98.28 % 97.89 %
MCC-07 0.415 97.76 % 97.37 %
PDB-01 FOR UTILITY 0.415 97.82 % 97.43 %
PDB-02 AUX 0.415 99.39 % 99 %
MCC-09 0.415 98.98 % 98.59 %

Table 3: System Voltage Profile

 SYSTEM APPARENT LOSSES

There are quite minimal losses observed in the system and also power factor values
observed at various locations are well within limits.

 ETAP CRYSTAL REPORTS

Results observed from load flow study of the system for all cases have been summarized as
hereunder:

Crystal Report Description

The Summary page in report describes total Generation, loading, %PF (Power Factor) and
demand in MW/MVA and Mvar. The total Power Generation/Grid is segregated into Swing
Buses and at Non-Swing Buses.

Total Demand is sum of Total of Motor Load, Static Load, Constant Current Load, Generic
Load and Apparent Losses. Where the Apparent Losses are the calculated, total MW and
Mvar losses of the system.
 ETAP
LOAD
FLOW
STUDY
REPORT
 CASE:1 -
NORMAL
OPERATIO
N
(GRID)
SHORT
CASE:2 –
CIRCUIT
DG SET
STUDY
 OBJECTIVE OF SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
The basic aim of the short circuit study is to verify the duty of electrical devices under fault
condition and also to establish the fault levels of system at various voltage levels for various
operating philosophy of plant. Fault duties are in compliance with the latest editions of the
IEC-60909.

The ETAP Short-Circuit Analysis program analyses the effect of 3-phase, line-to-ground, line-
to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground faults on electrical distribution systems. The program
calculates the total short circuit currents as well as the contributions of individual motors,
generators, and utility ties in the system.

 SHORT CIRCUIT METHODOLOGY

Short circuit calculations have been considered for three phase and Single Phase to Ground
faults for each bus available at voltage level and 415 V. The results of the same have been
derived from ETAP results and attached here with. The program calculates the total short
circuit currents as well as the contributions of individual motors, generators, and utility ties
in the system.

ETAP is using IEC Standard (As selected) for the calculation of the fault current at various
buses. The Standard used is IEC-60909: Short Circuit Current Calculation in Three Phase AC
System. Some of the important technical terms used by ETAP are briefed herewith.

• VOLTAGE FACTOR “C”

As per the standard, there is one Voltage Factor C, which will decide the equivalent voltage
source to be considered for various voltage levels to calculate minimum and maximum
possible current during fault at respective bus. The Value of Voltage Factor C is considered
as shown in below table.

Voltage factor c

Nominal Voltage Un For maximum short For minimum short circuit

circuit current calculation current calculation

Others: <1001 V 1.1 0.95

Medium Voltage: >1 to 35kV 1.1 1
High Voltage: >35 to 230kV 1.1 1
Table-4: Voltage factor "c"

• SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY DEFINITIONS

As per the IEC-60909 standard, following terms are used for the results presentation. These
terms need some brief introduction to understand the outcome of the results.
• Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I”k)
It is RMS (Root Mean Square) value of the AC symmetrical component of an available SC
(Short Circuit) current applicable at the instant of SC if the impedance remains at zero time.
Value is calculated with the formula as:

Where, c & Un = As per the Voltage Factor Table

Zk = Equivalent Impedance at Fault Location

• Symmetrical Short Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)

It is RMS Value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical AC component of the available SC
current at the instant of contact separation of the first pole of a switching device. Value is
calculated as follows:

For, faults far from generator

For, faults near to generator

For, Synchronous Machines

For, Asynchronous Machines

Where, μ and q = factors that account for AC decay.

Here, Far-From-Generator signifies that the magnitude of the symmetrical AC component of

available SC current remains fundamentally constant. And Near-to-Generator signifies that
at least one synchronous machine contributes a prospective initial SC current which is more
than twice the generator’s rated current, or a SC condition to which synchronous and
asynchronous motors are contribute more than 5% of the initial symmetrical SC current (I”k)
without motors.

• Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)

It is Maximum possible instantaneous value of the available SC Current. Value is calculated
as follows:

Where, I”k = Initial Symmetrical SC Current

k = function of the system R/X ratio at the Fault Location

As per the IEC-60909 standard, Value of k is define by three different methods.

 METHOD – A
Uniform R/X Ratio. The Value of k-factor is determined from taking the smallest ratio of R/X
of all the branches of the network. Only branches that contain a total of 80% of the current
at the nominal voltage corresponding to the SC location are included. Branches may be a
series combination of several elements.

METHOD – B
R/X Ratio at the SC location. The Value of k-factor is determined by multiplying the k-factor
by a safety factor of 1.15, which covers inaccuracies caused after obtaining the R/X ratio
from a network reduction with complex impedances.

METHOD – C
Equivalent frequency dependent. The Value of k-factor is calculated using a frequency-
altered R/X. R/X is calculated at a lower frequency and then multiplied by a frequency-
dependent multiplying factor.

As per IEC 60909 in Method C, the equivalent impedance is the impedance as seen from the
SC location if an equivalent voltage source with the frequency f c = 20 Hz (for a nominal
frequency 50 Hz) or 24 Hz (for a nominal frequency 60 Hz) is applied there as the only active
voltage. And k-factor is derived using:
k ≈ 1.02 + 0.98 e-3R/X

• Steady-State Short Circuit Current (Ik)

It is RMS Value of the SC current, which remains after the decay of the transient
phenomena.
This value is a contribution combined from synchronous generators and power grid. Ik for
each synchronous generator is calculated using thes below equation:

Where, l = Function of Generator Excitation, ratio between its initial

symmetrical SC Current and rated current, other generator parameter
IrG = Generator Rated current

 SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY CONFIGURATIONS

We have conducted Short circuit study for the system. In Short Circuit Study, ETAP gives
minimum and maximum values of short circuit currents so that relay settings can be
established. However, short circuit reports attached here shows maximum fault current
condition.

1. SC CASE-1: NORMAL OPERATION (GRID)

In this operating philosophy of plant, entire plant load is catered by GRID (infinite
source) as being the only source of power. The evaluated fault current value depends on
the impedance of source. Occurrence of fault has been evaluated at each bus
 simultaneously so that fault current values can be established altogether. Zero fault
impedance has been considered to have worst possible scenario.

2. SC CASE-2: DG SET (BLACK OUT CONDITION)

In this operating philosophy of plant, entire plant load is catered by 2 nos. of DG with
rating of 1500 kVA. The evaluated fault current value depends on the impedance of
source. Occurrence of fault has been evaluated at each bus simultaneously so that fault
current values can be established altogether. Zero fault impedance has been considered
to have worst possible scenario.

ETAP results of Short circuit study confirm the adequacy of system parameters and
equipment ratings, for the reliable operation of the system.

Before carrying out the SC Calculation some consideration have been made as under:

• 3-phase Source Fault 31.716 MVAsc (44.124 kA) and 1-phase Source fault 33.39
MVAsc (46.452 kA) with X/R ratio of 6 is considered at 415 V.
• Source system (415 V) is considered as solidly grounded system.
• X/R ratio for distribution Transformers is considered as per IEC standard.
• Short Circuit rating of 415 V equipment is 50 kA.
• Motor contribution was not considered, since it shall decay within few cycles. Motor
short circuit contribution was considered only for device duty evaluation.
• No tolerance on transformer impedance was considered since actual impedance value
was collected from site for transformers.
• For Calculation of the Fault Current IEC 60909 Standard having Sub-clause 9.1.3.2 with
Method C will be used.
• For Calculation of the maximum fault current Voltage c - factor is kept to be uniform
for all voltage level at 415 V.
• Typical ETAP data considered for generators reactance while perform the study.

 ETAP CRYSTAL REPORTS

Results obtained from Short circuit study on ETAP of the system have been attached as here
under.

Crystal Report Description:

ETAP reports indicate different fault current value at different buses of system in terms of:

3-Phase Faults : I”k, Ip, Ik

Line to Ground Faults : I”k, Ip, Ib, Ik
Line to Line Faults : I”k, Ip, Ib, Ik
Line to Line to Ground Faults : I”k, Ip, Ib, Ik
ETAP SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY REPORT
 CASE:1 –
NORMAL
OPERATIO
N (GRID)
 RELAY
COORDI
CASE:2 –
DG SET
NATION
STUDY
 OBJECTIVE OF RELAY COORDINATION STUDY AND ANALYSIS
The principal aim of this study is to calculate and select settings for the Over Current and,
Earth Fault devices. The settings selected will maximize the protection system
discrimination and provide adequate protection against short-circuits and overloads. Any
potential problems will be identified and where applicable, methods of improvement will
be suggested.

 RELAY COORDINATION METHODOLOGY

The primary and the backup relay pairs are identified using the network topology and relay
locations as input. It should account for both directional and non-directional relays, fuses
and relays in multi – terminal lines.

For Unit protection of the equipment protection elements are selected as per the
equipment and rating. Unit protection can be provided to the equipments like, viz. Motors,
Transformers and Generators etc. All the unit protection are considered as the primary
protection to the equipment and does not provide any back-up protection except
transformer where relay installed at primary side provides back-up to the relay installed at
secondary side.

The primary fault current and the backup fault currents are determined from the SC circuits
results. For a given CT secondary rating, different plug setting steps (pick – up currents) are
available. The plug settings for phase and earth fault relays are determined (current above
on which the relay should operate) based on maximum load current flowing through the
protective device and unbalance factor.

The selection of TDS (Time Dial Setting) or TMS (Time Multiplier Setting) is most involved
task in this process and that is where the actual primary / back–up coordination occurs.

Selection of TMS
For the selection of the TMS the following important points are considered:
• The relay at the farthest end from the source is set to operate in the minimum
possible time.
• For all the succeeding relays towards the source a time delay step are given, this time
delay is called discrimination time. This discrimination time is set in between 0.2 to 0.3
Sec.
• Earth fault can be provided with definite time over-current relays due to limited values
of fault currents and restricted by neutral impedances or solidly earthed system as
provided in neutral of power transformers.
• With use of delta/star step down transformer, grading of earth fault relays (Provided
with delta winding) are distinct from over current phase relays (provided with star
winding), as earth fault at star side reflects as phase fault in delta winding.

 PROTECTION GRADING PHILOSOPHY

The following philosophy was adopted in determining the recommended protection
settings detailed in relay datasheets.
 Protection should be set to give the optimum coordination between relays, thus minimizing
plant loss due to short circuits under all reasonable system operating conditions. All unit
protection relays will have sensitive current settings and fast operating times to operate for
fault within their defined zone and, therefore, the phase and ground over current relays
need not to be graded with unit protection relays.

The minimum time grading margin t’ is calculated from:

 Grading: Relay to Relay

t’ = [ (2Er + Ect)/100] *t + tcb + to + ts Seconds
Where;
t’ = Minimum grading time interval
Er = Relay timing error (IEC 60255-4) (5%)
Ect = Allowance for CT ration error (%) (5%)
tcb = CB interrupting time (s) (0.06 s)
to = Relay overshoot time (s) (0.02 s)
ts = Safety margin (s) (0.03 s)

The grading margin for proper coordination, when expressed as a fixed quantity, should be
around 0.3 Sec so as to have proper grading and discrimination in case of fault. However,
this was practised in case of Electromagnetic relays. Now a days, with fast response
Numerical relays we can have this grading as per system demand, making sure that it gets
proper time margin to act in case of respective fault. Wherever not possible to achieve the
0.3 sec time margin, the coordination time shall be maintained as per the IEEE 242.

Present relay settings review have been carried out considering a minimum time interval as
follows:

 Between two Releases Clear Space

 Between Release and Relay 170 milli-sec.
 Between two Inverse Time Relays 200 milli-sec.
 Between Inverse Time and Definite time Relay 200 milli-sec.
 Between two definite times relays 200 milli-sec.

For the purposes of the protection coordination study, the results of the maximum possible
worst-case fault levels have been taken. The relay coordination time interval has been
considered at the maximum fault current values, which in turn results in better coordination
time interval for minimum fault current values also.
 RELAY COORDINATION INPUT DATA
Data for protection coordination studies was consider from SLDs provided by client.

Breaker opening time considered for LV breakers are shown in Table.

DESCRIPTION CB TYPE OPENING TIME (ms)

LVCB ACB 30
LVCB MCCB 10
Table-5: CB Opening time

Note: To maintain the uniform behavior, during power system studies (i.e., Short circuit study
and Arc Flash study); of the electrical network, breaker opening time is considered as above.
LVCB RELEASE SETTING SHEET
RELAY COORDINATION - STAR PLOTS
 OBJECTIVE OF ARC FLASH ANALYSIS
Arc-Flash analysis is used to investigate a worker’s potential exposure to arc flash energy,
which may be required for the purpose of injury prevention and determination of
appropriate levels of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The incident energy and flash
protection boundaries are based on the following standards for Arc-Flash analysis.
Industry Codes and Standards
 ASTM D-120-02a - American Society for Testing and Materials
 IEEE STD 1584™-2018 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations
 NFPA- 70 E 2012/18 Electrical Safety in the Workplace
 Lee method for calculation of Incident energy above 15 kV voltage level

 DEFINITIONS
1. Arc Flash Boundary
 When an Arc flash hazard exists, an approach limit at a distance from a prospective arc
source within which a person could receive a second degree burn if an electrical arc
flash were to occurs.
 A second-degree burn is possible by an unprotected skin to an electric arc flash above
the incident energy level of 1.2 cal/cm 2.

2. Limited approach Boundary

ARC FLASH ANALYSIS

 This is an approach limit at a distance from an exposed energized electrical conductor
or circuit part within which a shock hazard exists.

3. Restricted approach Boundary

 An approach limit at a distance from an exposed energized electrical conductor or
circuit part within which there is an increased likelihood of electric shock, due to
electrical arc-over combined with inadvertent movement, for personnel working in
close proximity to the energized electrical conductor or circuit part.

4. Prohibited approach Boundary

 An Approach limit at a distance from an exposed live part within which is considered as
the same as making contact with the live part. This Boundary is eliminated in NFPA 70E
2018.
 Figure-4: Arc Flash Boundary Limits

PPE Categories
As per the NFPA 70E 2018, PPEs are categorized as per the Incident energy imposing:

PPE Cat. Min. Incident Energy Arc Rated Clothing

Arc-rated long-sleeve shirt and arc-rated pants or arc-rated

Level A ≤ 12 cal/cm 2 coverall and/or arc flash suit, Arc-rated face shield, Arc-rated
jacket, Hard hat, Arc-rated hard hat liner, Safety glasses,
Hearing protection, Leather gloves and Leather footwear.
Arc-rated long-sleeve shirt and arc-rated pants, Arc-rated arc
Level B > 12 TO 40 cal/cm2 flash suit hood, Arc-rated gloves, Arc-rated jacket, Hard hat,
FR hard hat liner, Safety glasses, Hearing protection, Arc-
rated gloves with Leather footwear.
Table-6: PPE Category Level as Per Incident Energy

As per the Standard ASTM D120-14a Gloves to be used are categorized as follows
Class of AC Proof-Test Maximum AC Use DC proof-Test Maximum DC Use
Glove Voltage, RMS, V voltage, ac RMS, V Voltage, Avg V voltage, Avg, V

00 2500 500 10000 750

0 5000 1000 20000 1500

1 10000 7500 40000 11250

2 20000 17000 50000 25500

3 30000 26500 60000 39750

4 40000 360000 70000 54000

Table-7: Class of Gloves as per Standard ASTM D120-14a

 ARC FLASH ANALYSIS RESULTS

Results obtained from Arc Flash study of the system on ETAP have been attached as under:
 ARC FLASH REPORT
(RECOMMENDED SETTING)
 ARC FLASH LABELS
(RECOMMENDED SETTING)
ARC FLASH
LABELS-
BUS
ARC FLASH
LABELS-
SOURCE
PD
REFERENCES
 SLD submitted by user.
 IEC 60909-Short circuit current calculation in 3 phase AC system
 IEEE 141-1993 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR
INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
 IEEE 142-1991 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR GROUNDING OF INDUSTRIAL AND
COMMERICIAL POWER SYSTEMS
 IEEE 242-2001 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR PROTECTION AND COORDINATION OF
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEM
 IEEE 399-1997 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 IEC 60076-5 TRANSFORMER TYPICAL IMPEDANCE AND X/R RATIO
 IEC 60076-1 TYPICAL TOLERANCE VALUES FOR IMPEDANCE OF TRANSFORMER
 NFPA-70E 2018 STANDARD FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
 IEEE Std 1584™-2018 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations
 ASTM D-120-02a - American Society for Testing and Materials
 ETAP library
 DEVICE CATALOGUES

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM