Actual and Per Unit Impedance of Conductors

Base Impedance

The base impedance formula to be used in the calculations are as follows,

𝑘𝑉2𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 Power System
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 Analysis (1999)
Equation 41: Base Impedance

Per Unit Value

The per unit value formula to be used in the calculations are as follows,

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Power System

𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Analysis (1999)
Equation 42: Per Unit Value

Base Values

The base values to be used in the calculations are as follows,

Where:

Base MVA = 1 MVA

Base Voltage = 400 V

𝑘𝑉2𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
M𝑉𝐴 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
(0.4kV)2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
1M𝑉𝐴
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝒐𝒉𝒎
Voltage Drop Calculation
ZxI xL
V DROP =
1− phase
305 m

Equation 43: Single Phase Voltage Drop

=√
3xZxI xL
V DROP 3 −phase
305 m

Equation 44: Three Phase Voltage Drop

V DROP
% V DROP = x 100 %
Voltage

Equation 45: Percentage Voltage Drop

Where:

VDROP = Voltage Drop

I = Current in Amperes

Z = Impedance of Cable

L = One way length of circuit (source to load) in 305m

Symmetrical Components

(0) = 𝑅𝐶 × 3.15155 SKM Analysis

IEC 60909
(0) = X𝐶 × 2.46274
Short Circuit Calculation
Short Circuit Calculation
At Normal Power Mode and At Standby Power Mode
Single Line to Ground Fault
3
If = x 1443.38
z 1 + z 2+ z 0
Equation 47: Single Line to Ground Fault

Line to Line Fault

1
I a 1=
z1 + z2

I a 2=−I a 1

I a 0=0

I f =[ I a 1 ( 1<120 ) + I a2 ( 1<120 ) + I a 0 ] x 1443.38

2

Equation 48: Line to Line Fault

Double Line to Ground Fault

1
I a 1=
z 2 z0
z1 +
z2 + z 0

V a 1=1−( I a 1) ( z 1 )

−V a 1
I a 2=
z1
−V a 1
I a 0=
z0

I f =[ I a 1 ( 1<120 ) + I a2 ( 1<120 ) + I a 0 ] x 1443.38

2

Equation 49: Double Line to Ground Fault

Three Phase Fault

 1
If = x 1443.38
z1
Equation 50: Three Phase Fault

Arc Flash Analysis

𝑙𝑔𝐼𝑎 = 𝐾 + 0.662𝑙𝑔𝐼𝑏𝑓 + 0.0966𝑉 + 0.000526𝐺 + 0.5588𝑉𝑙𝑔𝐼𝑏𝑓 − 0.00304𝐺𝑙𝑔𝐼𝑏𝑓

Equation 51. Arcing Current (System Voltage under 1kV)

Where:
lg = The log10
Ia = Arcing current, kA
K = -0.153 for open arcs in air; -0.097 for arcs in a box
Ibf = Bolted three phase available short circuit current,
kA V = System voltage, kV
G = Conductor gap, mm

𝑙𝑔𝐸𝑛 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 1.081𝑙𝑔𝐼𝑎 + 0.0011𝐺

Equation 52. Normalized Incident Energy

Where:

En = Incident energy, normalized for time and distance, J/cm 2

k1 = -0.792 for open air arcs; -0.555 for acs in a box

k2 = 0 for ungrounded and high resistance grounded systems; - 0.113 for grounded systems
G = Conductor gap, mm
 ( )( )
x
t 610
E=C f E n x
0.2 D
Equation 53. Incident Energy

Where:

E = Incident energy, cal/cm 2

Cf = Calculation factor, 1.0 for voltages above 1kV; 1.5 for voltages below 1kV
En = Incident energy normalized
t = Arcing time, seconds
x = Distance exponent
D = Working distance, mm

Dc = √ 2.65 x MV A bf x t
Equation 54. Arc Flash Boundary

Where:
MVAbf = MVA bolted fault, MVA
t = Arcing time, seconds