Atoms, static and dynamic

electricity
What is electricity
Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the existence of
charged particles (such as electrons or protons), either
statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a
current.
● Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge.
● It is a secondary energy source which means that we get it
from the conversion of primary sources of energy, like coal,
natural gas, oil,
What is an electrical
charge
An electric charge is the electrical property possessed by an electron or proton
A charged particle is produced when an atom loses or gain one or more electrons.
The unit for electrical charge is coulomb (C)
Examples of a charged particle are electrons -, ions - or +, protons +
Why electricity is
a secondary
energy source?
The Science of
Electricity
● Electrons in the outermost shells can be pushed out of
their orbits.
● Applying a force can make them move from one atom
to another.
● These moving electrons are electricity.
● In electricity the particle involved is the electron, which carries a
charge designated, by convention, as negative.
● The various manifestations of electricity are the result of the
accumulation or motion of numbers of electrons.
Static Electricity
● Static electricity is the build up of an electrical charge on the
surface of an object. It's called "static" because the charges
remain in one area rather than moving or "flowing" to another
area.

● It is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface

of a material. The charge remains until it is able to move
away by means of an electric current or electrical discharge.
● For example, if two objects are rubbed together, especially if the objects are
insulators and the surrounding air is dry, the objects acquire equal and
opposite charges and an attractive force develops between them.
● The object that loses electrons becomes positively charged, and the other
becomes negatively charged. Items with different charges (positive and
negative) will attract, while items with similar charges (positive and
positive) will push away from each other.
Dynamic electricity
Current
● An electric current is a stream of charged particles, such as
electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or
space.

● Electric Current is the rate of flow of electrons in a conductor.

The SI Unit of electric current is the Ampere.
Difference between static and current electricity

Static electricity is made by rubbing together two or more objects and making friction
while current electricity is the flow of electric charge across an electrical field
Conductors
● Conductors are materials allow the free flow of electrons from one
particle to another.
● Conductors allow for charge transfer through the free movement of
electrons.
● The flow of electrons inside the conducting material or conductor
generates an electric current.
● The force that is required to drive the current flow through the
conductor is known as voltage.
Conductors are the materials or substances which allow electricity to flow
through them. They conduct electricity because they allow electrons to flow
easily inside them from atom to atom
Examples of conductors:

Human body, aqueous solutions of salts and metals like iron, steel,
aluminium, copper, brass, silver and gold, earth, and animals are all
conductors.
Insulators
● Insulators are materials that restrict the free flow of electrons from
one particle to another.
● The particles of the insulator do not allow the free flow of
electrons; subsequently, charge is seldom distributed evenly across
the surface of an insulator.
Insulators are the materials or substances which resist or don’t allow the
current to flow through them. In general, they are solid in nature. They give
protection against heat, sound and of course passage of electricity.
Furthermore, insulators don’t have any free electrons. It is the main reason
why they don’t conduct electricity
Examples of Insulator:

Plastic, Wood and Glass Wood, cloth, glass, mica, and

quartz, rubber
Majr difference between conductor and insulators

A conductor allows current to flow easily through it.

Insulators don't allow current to flow through it. Electric
charge exists on the surface of conductors. Electric
charges are absent in insulator.
Prerequisites for the current to flow in a conductor are:

The circuit includes an energy source (a battery, for instance) that

produces voltage. Without voltage, electrons move randomly and are
undirected; hence current cannot flow. Voltage creates pressure on the
electrons which channels it to flow in a single direction.

The circuit forms a closed conducting loop through which electrons can
flow. A circuit is said to be closed or complete when a switch is turned
ON.
Circuits
● There are two types of circuit we can make,
called series and parallel.
● The components in a circuit are joined by wires.
● If there are no branches then it's a series circuit.
● If there are branches it's a parallel circuit.
Series circuit
In a series circuit, all components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for
current flow.
 With simple series circuits, all components are connected end-to-end to
form only one path for the current to flow through the circuit:
● A circuit with a battery and two lamps connected in series
● If you put more lamps into a series circuit, the lamps will be
dimmer than before.
In a series circuit, if a lamp breaks or a component is disconnected, the
circuit is broken and all the components stop working.
Parallel circuit
In a parallel circuit, all components are connected across each other, forming exactly
two sets of electrically common points
With simple parallel circuits, all components are connected between the same
two sets of electrically common points, creating multiple paths for the current
to flow from one end of the battery to the other
● In parallel circuits different components are connected on different
branches of the wire.
● A circuit with a battery and two lamps connected in parallel.
In a parallel circuit, if a lamp breaks or a component is disconnected from
one parallel wire, the components on different branches keep working.
And, unlike a series circuit, the lamps stay bright if you add more lamps
in parallel.
 Electricity travels in closed loops, or circuits (from the word circle). It must
have a complete path before the electrons can move. If a circuit is open, the
electrons cannot flow. When we flip on a light switch, we close a circuit. The
electricity flows from the electric wire through the light and back into the
wire. When we flip the switch off, we open the circuit. No electricity flows to
the light. When we turn a light switch on, electricity flows through a tiny
wire in the bulb. The wire gets very hot. It makes the gas in the bulb glow.