school

Art integration project

DISCOVERING TUT : THE SAGA CONTINUES

SUBMITTED BY – DRISHTI NIMORE

SUBMITTED TO – MRS VISHALAKSHI
DATE OF SUBMISSIOM – 20/10/21
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
English teacher Mrs. Vishalakshi for their able guidance and
support in completing my project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my parents

and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time.
Drishti Nimore
Mrs vishalaksh
X1 B
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Drishti Nimore
student of class 11th has successfully
completed their English project on Art
Integration under the guidance of Mrs
Vishalakshi

Miss Vishalakshi
Introduction
 He was just a teenager when he died. The last heir of a
powerful family that had ruled Egypt and its empire for
centuries, he was laid to rest laden with gold and eventually
forgotten. Since the discovery of his tomb in 1922, the
modern world has speculated about what happened to him,
with murder being the most extreme possibility. Now,
leaving his tomb for the first time in almost 80 years, Tut
has undergone a CT scan that offers new clues about his life
and death — and provides precise data for an accurate
forensic reconstruction of the boyish pharaoh.
Tutankhamun
 Tutankhamun, also known as Tut, was a teenager when he died. He was the last
successor of his powerful Pharaoh Dynasty which ruled Egypt and its empire for
centuries.
 He was laid on rest, heavily loaded with gold. His tomb was discovered in 1922 which
made the world raise a question about what had happened to him and whether he
had been murdered?
 After almost 80 years, his body was about to undergo a CT scan which would give
new information and clues about his life and death. His face would be recreated with
the help of a procedure called forensic reconstruction.
 A fast, strange and unnatural wind was blowing as King Tut’s body was taken from
his grave called ‘Valleys of the Kings’, an ancient Egyptian cemetery (The location of
the Valley of the KIngs is given in the image).
 Dark clouds moved quickly across the desert all day long and later, they covered the
stars. On January 5, 2005, at 6 pm, King Tut’s mummy which is the world’s most
famous mummy was placed in the CT scanner to investigate the mystery behind his
death which had occurred more than 3300 years ago
Family
 Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten (originally named Amenhotep IV,)[10] who is believed to be the mummy
found in tomb KV55.[11] His mother is one of Akhenaten's sisters.[5] At birth he was named Tutankhaten, a name
reflecting the Atenist beliefs of his father. His wet nurse was a woman called Maia, known from her tomb at 
Saqqara.[12][13][14]
 While some suggestions have been made that Tutankhamun's mother was Meketaten, (the second daughter of
Akhenaten and Nefertiti) based on a relief from the Royal Tomb at Amarna,[a] given that she was about 10 years
old at the time of her death, this has been deemed unlikely. [16] Another interpretation of the relief names Nefertiti
 as his mother.[b][18] Meritaten has also been put forward as his mother based on a re-examination of a box lid and
coronation tunic found in his tomb.[19]
 When Tutankhamun became king, he married his half-sister, Ankhesenpaaten, who later changed her name to 
Ankhesenamun.[25] They had two daughters, neither of whom survived infancy.[20] While only an incomplete
genetic profile was obtained from the two mummified foetuses, it was enough to confirm that Tutankhamun was
their father.[20] Likewise, only partial data for the two female mummies from KV21 has been obtained so far.
KV21A has been suggested as the mother of the foetuses but the data is not statistically significant enough to
allow her to be securely identified as Ankhesenamun. [20] Computed tomography studies published in 2011
revealed that one daughter was born prematurely at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at full-term, 9
months.[8] Tutankhamun's death marked the end of the royal line of the 18th Dynasty. [2
Reign
 tankhamun was between eight and nine years of age when he ascended the throne and
became pharaoh,[29] taking the throne name Nebkheperure.[30] He reigned for about nine
years.[31] During Tutankhamun's reign the position of Vizier had been split between Upper
 and Lower Egypt. The principal vizier for Upper Egypt was Usermontu. Another figure
named Pentju was also vizier but it is unclear of which lands. It is not entirely known if
Ay, Tutankhamun's successor, actually held this position. A gold foil fragment from
KV58 seems to indicate, but not certainly, that Ay was referred to as a Priest of Maat
along with an epithet of "vizier, doer of maat." The epithet does not fit the usual
description used by the regular vizier but might indicate an informal title. It might be that
Ay used the title of vizier in an unprecedented manner. [32]
 An Egyptian priest named Manetho wrote a comprehensive history of ancient Egypt
where he refers to a king named Orus, who ruled for 36 years and had a daughter named
Acencheres who reigned twelve years and her brother Rathotis who ruled for only nine
years.[33][34] The Amarna rulers are central in the list but which name corresponds with
which historic figure is not agreed upon by researchers. Orus and Acencheres have been
identified with Horemheb and Akhenaten and Rathotis with Tutankhamun. The names are
also associated with Smenkhkare, Amenhotep III, Ay and the others in differing order. [35]
 Kings were venerated after their deaths through mortuary cults and associated temples.
Tutankhamun was one of the few kings worshiped in this manner during his lifetime. [36] A stela
 discovered at Karnak and dedicated to Amun-Ra and Tutankhamun indicates that the king could
be appealed to in his deified state for forgiveness and to free the petitioner from an ailment caused
by sin. Temples of his cult were built as far away as in Kawa and Faras in Nubia. The title of the
sister of the Viceroy of Kush included a reference to the deified king, indicative of the universality
of his cult.[37]
 In order for the pharaoh, who held divine office, to be linked to the people and the gods, special
epithets were created for them at their accession to the throne. The ancient Egyptian titulary also
served to demonstrate one's qualities and link them to the terrestrial realm. The five names were
developed over the centuries beginning with the Horus Name.[c][38][39] Tutankhamun's[d] original 
nomen was Tutankhaten,[40] which did not have a Nebty name[e] or a Gold Falcon name[f]
 associated with it[41] as nothing has been found with the full five name protocol. [g]
 Tutankhaten was believed to mean "Living-image-of-Aten" as far back as 1877; however, not all
Egyptologists agree with this interpretation. English Egyptologist Battiscombe Gunn believed that
the older interpretation did not fit with Akhenaten's theology. Gunn believed that such an name
would have been blasphemous. He saw tut as a verb and not a noun and gave his translation in
1926 as The-life-of-Aten-is-pleasing. Professor Gerhard Fecht also believed the word tut was a
verb. He noted that Akhenaten used tit as a word for 'image', not tut. Fecht translated the
verb tut as "To be perfect/complete". Using Aten as the subject, Fecht's full translation was "One-
perfect-of-life-is-Aten". The Hermopolis Block (two carved block fragments discovered in
Ashmunein) has a unique spelling of the first nomen written as Tutankhuaten; it uses ankh as a
Health and death
 Tutankhamun was slight of build, and roughly 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall.[52][53]
 He had large front incisors and an overbite characteristic of the Thutmosid
 royal line to which he belonged.[54] Analysis of the clothing found in his
tomb, particularly the dimensions of his loincloths and belts indicates that he
had a narrow waist and rounded hips.[55] In attempts to explain both his
unusual depiction in art and his early death it has been theorised that
Tutankhamun suffered from gynecomastia,[56] Marfan syndrome, Wilson–
Turner X-linked intellectual disability syndrome, Fröhlich syndrome (
adiposogenital dystrophy), Klinefelter syndrome,[57] 
androgen insensitivity syndrome, aromatase excess syndrome in conjunction
with sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome, Antley–Bixler syndrome or one of
its variants.[58] It has also been suggested that he suffered from inherited 
temporal lobe epilepsy in a bid to explain the religiosity of his great-
grandfather Thutmose IV and father Akhenaten and their early deaths.[59]
 However, caution has been urged in this diagnosis.
 In January 2005 Tutankhamun's mummy was CT scanned. The results showed that Tutankhamun had a
partially cleft hard palate and possibly a mild case of scoliosis.[61][62] The scan also showed his right foot
was flat with hypophalangism, while his left foot was clubbed and suffered bone necrosis of the second
and third metatarsals (Freiberg disease or Köhler disease II).[63] The affliction may have forced
Tutankhamun to walk with the use of a cane, many of which were found in his tomb. [20] Genetic testing
through STR analysis rejected the hypothesis of gynecomastia and craniosynostoses (e.g., Antley–
Bixler syndrome) or Marfan syndrome.[7] Genetic testing for STEVOR, AMA1, or MSP1 genes specific
for Plasmodium falciparum revealed indications of malaria tropica in 4 mummies, including
Tutankhamun's.[7] This is currently the oldest known genetic proof of the ailment. [64] The team
discovered DNA from several strains of the parasite, indicating that he was repeatedly infected with the
most severe strain of malaria. His malaria infections may have caused a fatal immune response in the
body or triggered circulatory shock.[65] The CT scan also showed that he had suffered a compound left
leg fracture. This injury being the result of modern damage was ruled out based on the ragged edges of
the fracture; modern damage features sharp edges. Embalming substances were present within the
fracture indicating that it was associated with an open wound; no signs of healing were present. [66]
 A facial reconstruction of Tutankhamun was carried out in 2005 by the 
Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities and National Geographic. Three separate teams—Egyptian,
French, and American—worked separately to approximate the face of the boy king. While the Egyptian
and French teams knew their subject was Tutankhamun, the American team worked blind. All teams
produced very similar results, but it was that of the French team that was ultimately cast in silicone
Cause of death
 There are no surviving records of the circumstances of Tutankhamun's death; it has been the subject of
considerable debate and major studies. [68] Hawass and his team postulate that his death was likely the result
of the combination of his multiple weakening disorders, a leg fracture, perhaps as the result of a fall, and a
severe malarial infection.[69] However, Timmann and Meyer have argued that sickle cell anemia better fits
the pathologies exhibited by the king, [70] a suggestion the Egyptian team has called "interesting and
plausible."[71]
 Murder by a blow to the head was theorised as a result of the 1968 x-ray which showed two bone fragments
inside the skull.[72] This theory was disproved by further analysis of the x-rays and the CT scan. The inter-
cranial bone fragments were determined to be the result of the modern unwrapping of the mummy as they
are loose and not adherent to the embalming resin. [73] No evidence of bone thinning or calcified membranes,
which could be indicative of a fatal blow to the head, were found. [74] It has also been suggested that the
young king was killed in a chariot accident due to a pattern of crushing injuries, including the fact that the
front part of his chest wall and ribs are missing. [75][76] However, the missing ribs are unlikely to be a result of
an injury suffered at the time of death; photographs taken at the conclusion of Carter's excavation in 1926
show that the chest wall of the king was intact, still wearing a beaded collar with falcon-headed terminals.
The absence of both the collar and chest wall was noted in the 1968 x-ray[77] and further confirmed by the
CT scan.[62] It is likely that the front part of his chest was removed by robbers during the theft of the beaded
collar; the intricate beaded skullcap the king was pictured wearing in 1926 was also missing by 1968
Tomb
 Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was unusually small considering his
status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before the completion of a
grander royal tomb, causing his mummy to be buried in a tomb intended for
someone else. This would preserve the observance of the customary 70 days
between death and burial.[79] His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but
based on the items taken (including perishable oils and perfumes) and the
evidence of restoration of the tomb after the intrusions, these robberies likely took
place within several months at most of the initial burial. The location of the tomb
was lost because it had come to be buried by debris from subsequent tombs, and
workers' houses were built over the tomb entrance
Rediscovery
 The concession rights for excavating the Valley of the Kings was held by Theodore Davis
 from 1905 until 1914. In that time he had unearthed ten tombs including the nearly intact but
non-royal tomb of Queen Tiye's parents, Yuya and Tjuyu. As he continued working there in
the later years, he uncovered nothing of major significance.[81] Davis did find several objects
in KV58 referring to Tutankhamun, which included knobs and handles bearing his name most
significantly the embalming cache of the king (KV54). He believed this to be the pharaoh's
lost tomb and published his findings as such with the line; "I fear the Valley of the Tombs is
exhausted".[82][83] In 1907, Howard Carter was invited by William Garstin and Gaston
Maspero to excavate for George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon in the Valley. The Earl of
Carnarvon and Carter had hoped this would lead to their gaining the concession when Davis
gave it up but had to be satisfied with excavations in different parts of the Theban Necropolis
 for seven more years.[84]
 After a systematic search, beginning in 1915, Carter discovered the actual tomb of
Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922.[85] By February 1923 the antechamber had been
cleared of everything but two sentinel statues. A day and time were selected to unseal the
tomb with about twenty appointed witnesses that included Lord Carnarvon, several Egyptian
officials, museum representatives and the staff of the Government Press Bureau. On 17
February 1923 at just after two o'clock, the seal was broken.
Romoured curse
 For many years, rumors of a "curse of the pharaohs" (probably fueled by newspapers
seeking sales at the time of the discovery[95]) persisted, emphasizing the early death of
some of those who had entered the tomb. The most prominent was 
George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who died on 5 April 1923, five months after the
discovery of the first step leading down to the tomb on 4 November 1922.[96]
 The cause of Carnarvon's death was pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas (a
streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue).[97] The Earl had been in an
automobile accident in 1901 making him very unhealthy and frail. His doctor
recommended a warmer climate so in 1903 the Carnarvons traveled to Egypt where the
Earl became interested in Egyptology.[96] Along with the stresses of the excavation,
Carnarvon was already in a weakened state when an infection led to pneumonia.[98]
 A study showed that of the 58 people who were present when the tomb and sarcophagus
 were opened, only eight died within a dozen years;[99] Howard Carter died of lymphoma
 in 1939 at the age of 64.[100] The last survivors included Lady Evelyn Herbert, 
Lord Carnarvon's daughter who was among the first people to enter the tomb after its
discovery in November 1922, who lived for a further 57 years and died in 1980,[101] and
American archaeologist J.O. Kinnaman who died in 1961, 39 years after the event
Howard carter
 Howard Carter (9 May 1874 – 2 March 1939) was a
British archaeologist and Egyptologist. He became world-
famous after discovering the intact tomb of the 
18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun in November 1922,
the best-preserved pharaonic tomb ever found in the 
Valley of the Kings.
Legacy
 Tutankhamun's fame is primarily the result of his well-preserved tomb and the
global exhibitions of his associated artifacts. As Jon Manchip White writes, in his
foreword to the 1977 edition of Carter's The Discovery of the Tomb of
Tutankhamun, "The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's
Pharaohs has become in death the most renowned".[103]
 The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news in the 1920s. Tutankhamen
came to be called by a modern neologism, "King Tut". Ancient Egyptian
references became common in popular culture, including Tin Pan Alley songs; the
most popular of the latter was "Old King Tut" by Harry Von Tilzer from 1923,
which was recorded by such prominent artists of the time as Jones & Hare and 
Sophie Tucker. "King Tut" became the name of products, businesses, and the 
pet dog of U.S. President Herbert Hoover.
Ancestry