St joseph co ed school

Art integration project

Discovering tut : the saga continues

Submitted by – drishti nimore

Submitted to – mrs vishalakshi
Date of submissiom – 20/10/21
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
English teacher Mrs. Vishalakshi for their able guidance and
support in completing my project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my parents and

friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time.
Drishti Nimore
X1 B
CONTENT
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Drishti Nimore

student of class 11th has successfully
completed their English project on Art
Integration under the guidance of Mrs
Vishalakshi

Miss Vishalakshi
Introduction
• He was just a teenager when he died. The last
heir of a powerful family that had ruled Egypt
and its empire for centuries, he was laid to rest
laden with gold and eventually forgotten. Since
the discovery of his tomb in 1922, the modern
world has speculated about what happened to
him, with murder being the most extreme
possibility. Now, leaving his tomb for the first
time in almost 80 years, Tut has undergone a CT
scan that offers new clues about his life and
death — and provides precise data for an
accurate forensic reconstruction of the boyish
pharaoh.
Tutankhamun
• Tutankhamun, also known as Tut, was a teenager when he died. He was the
last successor of his powerful Pharaoh Dynasty which ruled Egypt and its
empire for centuries.
• He was laid on rest, heavily loaded with gold. His tomb was discovered in
1922 which made the world raise a question about what had happened to him
and whether he had been murdered?
• After almost 80 years, his body was about to undergo a CT scan which would
give new information and clues about his life and death. His face would be
recreated with the help of a procedure called forensic reconstruction.
• A fast, strange and unnatural wind was blowing as King Tut’s body was taken
from his grave called ‘Valleys of the Kings’, an ancient Egyptian cemetery (The
location of the Valley of the KIngs is given in the image).
• Dark clouds moved quickly across the desert all day long and later, they
covered the stars. On January 5, 2005, at 6 pm, King Tut’s mummy which is
the world’s most famous mummy was placed in the CT scanner to investigate
the mystery behind his death which had occurred more than 3300 years ago
Family
• Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten (originally named Amenhotep IV,] who is believed to be the mummy
found in tomb KV55] His mother is one of Akhenaten's sisters. At birth he was named Tutankhaten, a name
reflecting the Atenist beliefs of his father. His wet nurse was a woman called Maia, known from her tomb
at Saqqara
• While some suggestions have been made that Tutankhamun's mother was Meketaten, (the second daughter of
Akhenaten and Nefertiti) based on a relief from the Royal Tomb at Amarna given that she was about 10 years old
at the time of her death, this has been deemed unlikely. ] Another interpretation of the relief names Nefertiti as
his mother ] Meritaten has also been put forward as his mother based on a re-examination of a box lid and
coronation tunic found in his tomb.
• When Tutankhamun became king, he married his half-sister, Ankhesenpaaten, who later changed her name
to Ankhesenamun] They had two daughters, neither of whom survived infancy. While only an incomplete genetic
profile was obtained from the two mummified foetuses, it was enough to confirm that Tutankhamun was their
father.[20] Likewise, only partial data for the two female mummies from KV21 has been obtained so far. KV21A has
been suggested as the mother of the foetuses but the data is not statistically significant enough to allow her to be
securely identified as Ankhesenamun.[20] Computed tomography studies published in 2011 revealed that one
daughter was born prematurely at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at full-term, 9 months. [8]
 Tutankhamun's death marked the end of the royal line of the 18th Dynasty. [2
Reign
• tankhamun was between eight and nine years of age when he ascended the throne
and became pharaoh taking the throne name Nebkheperure He reigned for about
nine years. During Tutankhamun's reign the position of Vizier had been split
between Upper and Lower Egypt. The principal vizier for Upper Egypt was Usermontu.
Another figure named Pentju was also vizier but it is unclear of which lands. It is not
entirely known if Ay, Tutankhamun's successor, actually held this position. A gold foil
fragment from KV58 seems to indicate, but not certainly, that Ay was referred to as a
Priest of Maat along with an epithet of "vizier, doer of maat." The epithet does not fit
the usual description used by the regular vizier but might indicate an informal title. It
might be that Ay used the title of vizier in an unprecedented manner. [32]
• An Egyptian priest named Manetho wrote a comprehensive history of ancient Egypt
where he refers to a king named Orus, who ruled for 36 years and had a daughter
named Acencheres who reigned twelve years and her brother Rathotis who ruled for
only nine years. The Amarna rulers are central in the list but which name corresponds
with which historic figure is not agreed upon by researchers. Orus and Acencheres
have been identified with Horemheb and Akhenaten and Rathotis with Tutankhamun.
The names are also associated with Smenkhkare, Amenhotep III, Ay and the others in
differing order.[35]
• Kings were venerated after their deaths through mortuary cults and associated temples. Tutankhamun
was one of the few kings worshiped in this manner during his lifetime. A stela discovered at Karnak and
dedicated to Amun-Ra and Tutankhamun indicates that the king could be appealed to in
his deified state for forgiveness and to free the petitioner from an ailment caused by sin. Temples of his
cult were built as far away as in Kawa and Faras in Nubia. The title of the sister of the Viceroy of
Kush included a reference to the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult. [37]
• In order for the pharaoh, who held divine office, to be linked to the people and the gods, special
epithets were created for them at their accession to the throne. The ancient Egyptian titulary also
served to demonstrate one's qualities and link them to the terrestrial realm. The five names were
developed over the centuries beginning with the Horus Name.[c][38][39] Tutankhamun's[d]
 original nomen was Tutankhaten,[40] which did not have a Nebt name[e] or a Gold Falcon
name associated with it[41] as nothing has been found with the full five name protocol. [g]
 Tutankhaten was believed to mean "Living-image-of-Aten" as far back as 1877; however, not all
Egyptologists agree with this interpretation. English Egyptologist Battiscombe Gunn believed that the
older interpretation did not fit with Akhenaten's theology. Gunn believed that such an name would
have been blasphemous. He saw tut as a verb and not a noun and gave his translation in 1926 as The-
life-of-Aten-is-pleasing. Professor Gerhard Fecht also believed the word tut was a verb. He noted that
Akhenaten used tit as a word for 'image', not tut. Fecht translated the verb tut as "To be
perfect/complete". Using Aten as the subject, Fecht's full translation was "One-perfect-of-life-is-Aten".
The Hermopolis Block (two carved block fragments discovered in Ashmunein) has a unique spelling of
the first nomen written as Tutankhuaten; it uses ankh as a verb, which does support the older
translation of Living-image-of-Aten.[41]
Health and death
• Tutankhamun was slight of build, and roughly 167 cm (5 ft 6 in)
tall. He had large front incisors and an overbite characteristic of
the Thutmosid royal line to which he belonged. Analysis of the
clothing found in his tomb, particularly the dimensions of his
loincloths and belts indicates that he had a narrow waist and
rounded hips. In attempts to explain both his unusual depiction in art
and his early death it has been theorised that Tutankhamun suffered
from gynecomastia, Marfan syndrome, Wilson–Turner X-linked
intellectual disability syndrome, Fröhlich syndrome (adiposogenital
dystrophy), Klinefelter syndrome, androgen insensitivity
syndrome, aromatase excess syndrome in conjunction with
sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome, Antley–Bixler syndrome or one of
its variants. It has also been suggested that he suffered from
inherited temporal lobe epilepsy in a bid to explain the religiosity of
his great-grandfather Thutmose IV and father Akhenaten and their
early deaths. However, caution has been urged in this diagnosis.
• In January 2005 Tutankhamun's mummy was CT scanned. The results showed that Tutankhamun
had a partially cleft hard palate and possibly a mild case of scoliosis. The scan also showed his
right foot was flat with hypophalangism, while his left foot was clubbed and suffered bone
necrosis of the second and third metatarsals (Freiberg disease or Köhler disease II). The affliction
may have forced Tutankhamun to walk with the use of a cane, many of which were found in his
tomb. Genetic testing through STR analysis rejected the hypothesis
of gynecomastia and craniosynostoses (e.g., Antley–Bixler syndrome) or Marfan
syndrome. Genetic testing for STEVOR, AMA1, or MSP1 genes specific for Plasmodium falciparum
revealed indications of malaria tropica in 4 mummies, including Tutankhamun's. [7] This is currently
the oldest known genetic proof of the ailment. [64] The team discovered DNA from several strains
of the parasite, indicating that he was repeatedly infected with the most severe strain of malaria.
His malaria infections may have caused a fatal immune response in the body or
triggered circulatory shock. The CT scan also showed that he had suffered a compound left leg
fracture. This injury being the result of modern damage was ruled out based on the ragged edges
of the fracture; modern damage features sharp edges. Embalming substances were present
within the fracture indicating that it was associated with an open wound; no signs of healing were
present.[66]
• A facial reconstruction of Tutankhamun was carried out in 2005 by the Egyptian Supreme Council
of Antiquities and National Geographic. Three separate teams—Egyptian, French, and American—
worked separately to approximate the face of the boy king. While the Egyptian and French teams
knew their subject was Tutankhamun, the American team worked blind. All teams produced very
similar results, but it was that of the French team that was ultimately cast in silicone
Cause of death
• There are no surviving records of the circumstances of Tutankhamun's death; it has been the subject
of considerable debate and major studies. Hawass and his team postulate that his death was likely the
result of the combination of his multiple weakening disorders, a leg fracture, perhaps as the result of
a fall, and a severe malarial infection. However, Timmann and Meyer have argued that sickle cell
anemia better fits the pathologies exhibited by the king,[70] a suggestion the Egyptian team has called
"interesting and plausible."
• Murder by a blow to the head was theorised as a result of the 1968 x-ray which showed two bone
fragments inside the skull. This theory was disproved by further analysis of the x-rays and the CT scan.
The inter-cranial bone fragments were determined to be the result of the modern unwrapping of the
mummy as they are loose and not adherent to the embalming resin. No evidence of bone thinning or
calcified membranes, which could be indicative of a fatal blow to the head, were found. ] It has also
been suggested that the young king was killed in a chariot accident due to a pattern of crushing
injuries, including the fact that the front part of his chest wall and ribs are missing. However, the
missing ribs are unlikely to be a result of an injury suffered at the time of death; photographs taken at
the conclusion of Carter's excavation in 1926 show that the chest wall of the king was intact, still
wearing a beaded collar with falcon-headed terminals. The absence of both the collar and chest wall
was noted in the 1968 x-ray and further confirmed by the CT scan.It is likely that the front part of his
chest was removed by robbers during the theft of the beaded collar; the intricate beaded skullcap the
king was pictured wearing in 1926 was also missing by 1968
Tomb
• Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was unusually small considering
his status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before the
completion of a grander royal tomb, causing his mummy to be buried in a
tomb intended for someone else. This would preserve the observance of
the customary 70 days between death and burial.[79] His tomb was
robbed at least twice in antiquity, but based on the items taken
(including perishable oils and perfumes) and the evidence of restoration
of the tomb after the intrusions, these robberies likely took place within
several months at most of the initial burial. The location of the tomb was
lost because it had come to be buried by debris from subsequent tombs,
and workers' houses were built over the tomb entrance
Rediscovery
• The concession rights for excavating the Valley of the Kings was held by Theodore
Davis from 1905 until 1914. In that time he had unearthed ten tombs including the
nearly intact but non-royal tomb of Queen Tiye's parents, Yuya and Tjuyu. As he
continued working there in the later years, he uncovered nothing of major significance.
[81]
 Davis did find several objects in KV58 referring to Tutankhamun, which included
knobs and handles bearing his name most significantly the embalming cache of the king
(KV54). He believed this to be the pharaoh's lost tomb and published his findings as such
with the line; "I fear the Valley of the Tombs is exhausted". In 1907, Howard Carter was
invited by William Garstin and Gaston Maspero to excavate for George Herbert, 5th Earl
of Carnarvon in the Valley. The Earl of Carnarvon and Carter had hoped this would lead
to their gaining the concession when Davis gave it up but had to be satisfied with
excavations in different parts of the Theban Necropolis for seven more years.[84]
• After a systematic search, beginning in 1915, Carter discovered the actual tomb of
Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922.[85] By February 1923 the antechamber had been
cleared of everything but two sentinel statues. A day and time were selected to unseal
the tomb with about twenty appointed witnesses that included Lord Carnarvon, several
Egyptian officials, museum representatives and the staff of the Government Press
Bureau. On 17 February 1923 at just after two o'clock, the seal was broken.
Romoured curse
• For many years, rumors of a "curse of the pharaohs" (probably fueled by newspapers
seeking sales at the time of the discovery) persisted, emphasizing the early death of
some of those who had entered the tomb. The most prominent was George Herbert,
5th Earl of Carnarvon, who died on 5 April 1923, five months after the discovery of
the first step leading down to the tomb on 4 November 1922.
• The cause of Carnarvon's death was pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas (a
streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue). The Earl had been in
an automobile accident in 1901 making him very unhealthy and frail. His doctor
recommended a warmer climate so in 1903 the Carnarvons traveled to Egypt where
the Earl became interested in Egyptology. Along with the stresses of the excavation,
Carnarvon was already in a weakened state when an infection led to pneumonia.
• A study showed that of the 58 people who were present when the tomb
and sarcophagus were opened, only eight died within a dozen years;[99] Howard
Carter died of lymphoma in 1939 at the age of 64. The last survivors included
Lady Evelyn Herbert, Lord Carnarvon's daughter who was among the first people to
enter the tomb after its discovery in November 1922, who lived for a further 57 years
and died in 1980,[101] and American archaeologist J.O. Kinnaman who died in 1961, 39
years after the event
Howard carter
• Howard Carter (9 May 1874 – 2 March 1939)
was a British archaeologist and Egyptologist.
He became world-famous after discovering
the intact tomb of the 18th
Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun in
November 1922, the best-preserved
pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of
the Kings.
Legacy
• Tutankhamun's fame is primarily the result of his well-preserved
tomb and the global exhibitions of his associated artifacts. As Jon
Manchip White writes, in his foreword to the 1977 edition of
Carter's The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, "The pharaoh
who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's Pharaohs has
become in death the most renowned".
• The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news in the 1920s.
Tutankhamen came to be called by a modern neologism, "King Tut".
Ancient Egyptian references became common in popular culture,
including Tin Pan Alley songs; the most popular of the latter was "Old
King Tut" by Harry Von Tilzer from 1923, which was recorded by such
prominent artists of the time as Jones & Hare and Sophie Tucker.
"King Tut" became the name of products, businesses, and the pet
dog of U.S. President Herbert Hoover.
Ancestry