Personality

Dhruv Sharma – A3211121020

Tushar Tyagi – A3211121028
Gaurav Malik – A3211121017
Content

 Introduction and Definition (by Dhruv Sharma)

 Determinants of Personality (by Tushar Tyagi)

 Trait and Type Approaches (by Gaurav Malik)

Introduction
 Personality traits of a manager are crucial in modern organisations since the
y influence a person's overall behavioural pattern. In everyday language, per
sonality refers to the impression that an individual makes on others based o
n his personal characteristics, which can be either appealing or unattractive.
 It is true that a person's psychological characteristics are rarely known by ot
hers. A person's personality is not a simple truth or happening that can be de
duced just from his physical appearance. From a broad perspective, persona
lity refers to an individual's entire personality. It encompasses a person's ph
ysical, mental, and emotional wellbeing.The word 'personality' comes from 
the Latin word 'persona,' which means 'to speak through' (mask). Actors in 
Greece and Rome wore masks while staging plays, just as they did in ancien
t Greece and Rome. As a result, personality is employed to influence others 
through their outward appearance. However, personality is more than just h
ow you look on the outside.
Introduction
 An individual's personality is made up of their distinct patterns of thou
ghts, feelings, and behaviour. These characteristics distinguish a perso
n. Personality develops from within an individual and is pretty consist
ent throughout their lives. Personality refers to a person's defining attri
butes, particularly those unique personal characteristics that make one 
socially appealing. If a person wins an election solely on the basis of h
is or her personality, society may conclude that he or she won "more o
n personality than on skill."A person's personality exhibits different m
ental and behavioural characteristics. It is a socially acceptable pattern
 of collective character that comprises a person's behavioural, mental, t
emperamental, and emotional aspects. It demonstrates a person's appar
ent trait that impresses or bothers others. For instance, words like "He 
has a pleasant personality Raju has a Crude persona" reveal a person's 
collected qualities, which can be favourable or negative.
Definition
 A number of definitions are given in respect of personality in order to
give meaningful one.According to Gordon Allport, personality is “the
dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological
systems that determine his unique adjustments to his
environment.”Fred Luthans defines the term personality as, “how
people affect others and how they understand and view themselves, as
well as their pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the
person-situation intervention.”
 Thus, personality devotes for the methods of affecting others, reacting
to others’ actions and interacting with others. These methods are
chosen by individuals based on several factors. Important one among
these is their traits.
 Determinants of personality

Classification of determinants of personality

1) Personal factors such as physique, sex, nervous system

2) Environmental factors such as home and family, school, society, etc

Another classification

1) Biological factors

2) Psychological

3) Social and cultural

 BIOLOGICAL
DETERMINANTS
1) Hereditary influences
2) Nervous system
3) Body chemistry
 Psychological
determinants
1) Intelligence and mental functioning
2) Level of aspiration and achievement motivation
3) Will power
Social and cultural
determinants
1) Home and Family
• Parents
• parental attitude

2) School Environment
3)Cultural Environments
Trait and Type Approaches of
Theory of Personality
 A trait is a characteristic pattern of behavior or conscious motive which can be self‐
assessed or assessed by peers.
 The term type is used to identify a certain collection of traits that make up a broad,
general personality classification.

 Trait Approaches :
 Gordon Allport proposed that an individual's conscious motives and traits better describe
personality than does that person's unconscious motivation. He identified three types of traits:
 Cardinal traits, such as a tendency to seek out the truth, govern the direction of one's life.
 Central traits operate in daily interactions, as illustrated by a tendency to always try to control a
situation.
 Secondary traits, such as a tendency to discriminate against older people, involve response to a
specific situation.
 Raymond Cattell, by means of a statistical technique called factor analysis, organized
the huge number of words used generally to describe personality (over 17,000) and
reduced them to 16 basic factors.
 emotional, easily upset vs. calm, stable
 intelligent vs. unintelligent
 suspicious vs. trusting
 reserved, unfriendly vs. outgoing, friendly
 assertive, dominant vs. not assertive, humble
 sober, serious vs. happy‐go‐lucky
 conscientious vs. expedient
 shy, timid vs. venturesome
 tender‐minded vs. tough‐minded
 practical vs. imaginative
 shrewd vs. forthright
 self‐assured, placid vs. apprehensive
 conservative vs. experimenting
 group oriented vs. self‐sufficient
 undisciplined vs. self‐disciplined
 relaxed vs. tense, driven
 Type Approaches :
 Hans Eysenck proposed a higher organization of personality traits into three basic groups
(traits plus their opposites), which, he suggested, constituted types.
 extraversion (as opposed to introversion)
 neuroticism (as opposed to emotional stability)
 psychoticism (as opposed to impulse control)
 The Big Five. In recent years, theorists have felt the need for more personality
dimensions than Eysenck's three. The five independent dimensions, selected using
statistical procedures, are known as the “Big Five.”
 extraversion/introversion: characteristics described in terms such as talkative, sociable,
adventurous vs. reticent, turned inward
 agreeableness/antagonism: characteristics described in terms such as good‐natured, cooperative,
likable vs. hostile, spiteful
 conscientiousness/undirectedness: characteristics described in terms such as responsible, neat,
task motivated vs. disorganized
 stability/instability: characteristics described in terms such as calm, poised, composed vs.
uncertain, insecure
 openness to experience/conforming: characteristics described in terms such as flexible, original,
independent, creative, daring vs. rigid, conventional, conforming, noncreative, timid.