2.

A graphite bar was put in each half cell, and the graphite bars of every

Abstract
3.
During the last years, many crises have appeared as obstacles for the development of the countries such as Egypt.
The energy power plants in Egypt emit massive amounts of greenhouse gases to serve the demand on energy, which
is increasing daily compared to the available resources. As a result, massive pollution to the environment is 4.
occurring, causing climate change. The solution is a concentration cell (type of galvanic cells) works by using the
emitted CO2 from factories and graphite. The purposes of the project are to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in
the air and using it for electricity generation. The project achieved the design requirements by being cost-effective 5.
and having a high economic advantage. Also, the project has excellent results as it produces great amounts of
electricity, which helps to prevent energy crisis. Moreover, protecting the environment from massive harmful
amounts of CO2. The project is a solution would contribute to solving the crisis of greenhouse gases, climate change,
6.
pollution, and energy crisis..
7.
Design requirement:
two half cells were connected with each other to make full cell.
All the cells in one container were connected by using series
connection method. After that, the two containers were connected Figure 3: shows the
using series connection by connect electric wire between them, to hose hole in the big
make the two main poles of the project, the positive and negative poles. container
Then the graphite bars were fixed to pieces of foam to prevent its
movement.
Two holes were made in the cover of the big container, as shown in
Figure 5: shows the
figure 3, and two hoses were put in them. construction of the prototype the switch
The two small containers were put in the big container. Then, the 20hoses of the small containers were
to the 2 big pipes to provide a CO2 current to the project, attached shown in figure 5.
A square hole was holed for the switch, as shown in figure 4. then the switch was connected to circuit to
control it.
This keeps the beaker on the left electrically neutral by neutralizing the charge on the anode ions produced as
the anode is oxidized. At the same time, the positive ions of the salt move to the right into the cathodic half-
cell electrolyte. These added cations replace the reduced ions removed from the solution. The transfer of
Figure 2: shows
electrons between the anode and the cathode will generate electricity.
the holes in the
Cell potential (Ecell):
cover
According to the concept of the cell potential in CH.1.15, the cell potential is the difference in potential
between the two half-cells. The capacity of electrons to flow from one half-cell to the other causes the
potential difference. The cell potential represents the driving or pulling force on the electrons. It is
Figure 4: shows
measured in voltage (V).
Concentration cells:
According to Le Châtelier’s principle, changes in temperature, pressure, volume, or concentration of a system
will result in predictable and opposing changes in the system to achieve a new equilibrium state. As a result,
an increase in the concentration of the reactants of the redox reaction in the galvanic cell will favor the
forward reaction and thus increase the driving force on the electrons. As a result, the cell potential will
This transfer of electrons between the anode and the cathode produces electricity.
The importance of salt bridge:
The cathode cell will begin with high concentration of H 2CO3, and the anode will begin with high
concentration of H2CO3. Note that in both half cells, the CO3 ions are spectator ions that are not involved and
do not change in the electrochemical reaction. As the electrochemical reaction proceeds, hydrogen ions
(4H+)in the cathode get reduced. In the other half cell, carbon gets oxidized to form carbon ions (C 4+). This
indicates that [H+] < [CO3-2] in the cathode and [C4+] > [CO3-2] in the anode over time without any sort of
intervention. Because nature prefers neutral systems, the build-up of charge in both sides is undesirable. If this
charge continues to build up, it will stop the electrochemical process from progressing to its full potential. As
a result, the necessity for the salt bride arises. According to the concept of galvanic cells in CH.1.15, the salt
bridge acts as a supply of spectator ions that can travel into one of the half cells and maintain neutrality. The
salt bridge contains sodium chloride solution. Cl- ions pass through the bridge into the anodic half cell. This
keeps the anodic half cell electrically neutral by neutralizing the charge on the carbon ions produced as the
graphite bar is oxidized. At the same time, sodium ions move to the cathodic half cell. These added cations
replace the hydrogen ions removed from the solution as they are reduced to hydrogen atoms.
Connecting the cells in series:

Introduction
increase. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of a product will oppose the forward reaction, thus
Cost Reduction decreasing the cell potential. The Nernst equation determines the effect of concentration on cell potential, Series connection is when 2 batteries or more are connected in a chain like
The project is made to produce great amount of electricity with less cost than the other solutions found. which will be explained in the next section. circuit. This gives the electron only one way to move in. Series connection
Since the cell potential is concentration-dependent, a galvanic cell was constructed in which both increases the emf and the voltage magnificently. The EMF and voltage of
Which give it an economic advantage to have widespread applications.
Egypt has a long history of suffering from crises related to the environment. One of these challenges is air pollution compartments contain the same components but in different concentrations. A concentration cell is a galvanic single battery will be multiplied by the number of the electric components
from greenhouse emissions. Egypt is one of the countries that use fossil fuels as a source of energy, and this Test plan: cell consisting of two half-cells with the same electrodes but different concentrations. Concentration cells are used in the series circuit to get the total EMF and voltage of the circuit.
contributes to a big problem. Each year the CO2 and greenhouse gases emissions increase as shown in graph (1), used to dilute the concentrated solution and concentrate the dilute solution, producing a voltage when the cell Series connections is made by connecting the negative pole of the batteries Figure 10: shows cells series connection
After doing the method steps, the wires were connected to the Avometer, and the switch opened. The
about 250 million tons of CO2 are emitted in 2018, causing climate change and air pollution. As reported by reaches equilibrium. This is achieved by transferring electrons from a lower concentration cell to a higher with the positive pole of the next battery, as shown in figure 10. So,
Avometer calculates the amount of produced voltage and current. The produced voltage equals 1.253, and
Enterprise, Egypt is one of the most polluted countries in the world. This introduced another concentration cell. by making 10 cells in the prototype and connecting them in series connection, the prototype will be able to
the generated current equals 0.575 mA. After the measurement of the voltage and current, the Watt can be
pressing issue for Egypt, climate change. Egypt has increased by 0.1°C produce more voltage and current using this equation:
calculated by the equation Volt × Ampere = Watt = 7.30499 × 10-4W. Converting water solution to an effective acidic electrolyte:
per decade from 1901 to 2013, with an average annual change of
Total cost: Prototype potential = Ecell × 10
0.53°C, this further drained the public health system in Egypt. When the CO2 is pumped from the CO2 inlet through the water, CO2 hydration happens, and
According to WHO (World Health Organization), in 2012, Egypt
 The initial cost of the prototype is 130 Egyptian pounds, and the prototype needs the graphite bars to be
carbonic acid () is formed, as shown in the following equation:  Ecell = 0.124 volts, as shown in equation 8. = 0.124 × 10 = 1.24 volts
recorded over 43 thousand deaths from diseases related to air pollution. replaced with 10 pounds each week, so the total cost per year equal 130 + 480 = 610 pounds.
Such as lung cancer and ischemic heart disease. (Equation 1)
Carbonic acid has a weak acid dissociation constant of 4.64 10-7. Strong acids are

Results
The purpose of the project is to utilize the greenhouse gases emitted

from energy sector into useful energy, to solve climate change, pollution
and the energy crisis. Among the prior solutions for using alternative
energy sources was the Climeworks shown in figure 2. This project has
an upper hand on the other projects, as it succeeded in collecting CO 2
from air and get rid from it. However, it doesn’t solve the problem
directly since it stores the collected CO2 underground. On the other
hand, fuel cells are from the leading projects in energy production. It
produces large amount of electricity without emitting harmful gases.
Its draw back is the expensive price of the cell. Many prior solutions
were taken into consideration to find a more suitable solution.
The solution is a concentration cell made mainly of graphite. The
project results shows that it can produce good amount of electricity.
Also, it is eco-friendly because it gets red from the CO2 in the air. The
solution could perfectly achieve the design requirements that is being economically beneficial and cost effective, since
Conclusion
distinguished from weak acids by the acid dissociation constant (Ka). Acids' capacity to
Graph 1: shows the increase in the CO2 emissions dissociate is directly related to their strength, having strong acids dissociating more than weak acids.
of Egypt
As a result, carbonic acid takes some time dissociates into a proton of ( cation) and a
Through the test plan, many results happened weren’t expected, affected the project. Although negative results bicarbonate ion (anion), as shown in this equation:
Through the test plan of the project, it has been proven that concentration cell is a great solution to the
were shocking for us, it helped us to improve the idea and strengthening it.
(Equation 2) carbon dioxide crisis. Also, it has shown a great trust to serve the massive need to an alternative energy
Negative result:
resource. The project successfully matches the design requirements abandoned at the beginning of the
Magnesium and copper which were used as electrodes at the first time had many troubles such as the extremely Bicarbonate then dissociates into a proton of ( cation) and anion, as shown in the
cost of the magnesium on the long term, as it is a fast oxidized material which requires to be replaced daily with following equation: (Equation 3) study. It differs from the other solutions found as it deals directly with CO2 emissions. Also, it appears as a
a cost of 10EGP to get 4 pieces. The initial cost was about 300EGP After many calculations it was found that it cost-reductive project as the materials used are available which makes it a great choice to have widespread
Bicarbonate is so weak acid with a dissociation constant of 4.69 × 10-9, which is significantly
would cost about 3950 EGP annually if the using of magnesium is continued, which is a high cost compared to applications. The project is an opening gate for upcoming research help in electricity generation and
smaller than the carbonic acid, as shown in figure 8, making it negligible in calculating the conserving the environment using electrochemistry.
other solutions.
Figure 1: shows the Climeworks project   Voltage Current intensity Power hydrogen proton concentration. Figure 8: The
There was leakage of water The negative 2.527 × 10-4 W ± 6×10-5 W relative
The prototype as concentration cell in the room temperature of strengths of
from the inaccurate soldering
Results 20oC: some

the input materials and money that is needed to build the project is far less than the produced amount of money and of the salt bridge pipe into
benefits. The materials played a big role in the success of the project. Furthermore, it will be discussed in detail in the containers which made us
coming sections. reconstruct new containers
with an accurate way of
soldering.
Positive results:
Recommendation
common
Table 2: Shows the negative results of the project conjugate
Standard cell potential: acid pairs.
  Voltage Current intensity Power
The Positive 7.204 × 10-4 W ±6×10-5 W According to the concept of the cell potential in CH.1.15, the standard cell potential (E cell) is the cell
o
potential at standard conditions of 1M concentration, 1Barr pressure, and 295K temperature. The difference
Results Applying the project in Cairo:
between the two electrodes determines the voltage of the cell. To calculate the standard cell potential, use the
Table 3: Shows the positive results of the project After the hard researching it was found that Cairo is the most suitable place
following equation: To calculate the standard cell potential, use the following equation:

Materials
Graphite bars were used as electrodes to make the prototype cost reductive. The initial cost of the prototype was for the project, specifically with power plants due to the huge burning of
100 EGP, and the graphite bars had to be renewed every week with 10EGP cost. As a result, the one-year total fossil fuels. As mentioned before, Egypt is one of the most CO 2 emitting
cost was 580EGP. With: (Equation 4)
countries in the world. As shown in graph 2, Egypt in 2018 produced
Name Quantity Image It produced a voltage of 1.253 volts, a current of 5.750×10 -4 mA, and a power of 7.204 × 10-4 Watts per second • Eocell : the standard cell potential (under 1M, 1 Barr and 298K). about 2.5 tons of CO2 per capita, this means that Cairo emitted around
Two small plastic
containers with a
2 as shown in graph 3. As a result, the L.E/kW = 25.5 LE/kW 20 million tons of CO2 in that year. All of this makes Cairo a perfect place
width of 10 cm, a tall of Testing the cost reduction requirement: • EoRed,Cathode : The standard reduction potential for the reduction half reaction occurring at the cathode.
15 cm, and a height of for the project. Graph 2: Shows the number of tons
18 cm
The PEMFC cell is a type of fuel cell that is being developed mainly for transport applications. Its • E o
The standard reduction potential for the oxidation half reaction occurring at the anode. of CO2 per year
Red,Anode:
distinguishing features include lower temperature ranges of 50: 100 C, and a special proton-conducting polymer DC-DC converter:
A big plastic container with a width of 45 cm, a tall of 1 electrolyte membrane. Its cost is 540 LE/kW, and the prototype cost is 25.5 LE/kW. So the prototype has a cost The prototype is made of electrodes of graphite bars, so the standard cell potential will be
28 cm, and a height of 25 cm. In order to increase the voltage of the real-life project a boost converter is going to be used. Boost converter
reduction percentage 2017.6% compared to the PEMFC cell, which is so high percentage. Eocell = 0.207-0.207 = 0 (Equation 5)
is a type of DC-DC converters that is used to increase the voltage enormously.
Which 0.207 is the standard reduction potential of carbon. As shown in figure 11, the boost converter consists of voltage source which
Nonstandard cell potential: is the project, Inductor, Diode, Timed switching device, and Capacitor.
Graphite 20 bars

Analysis
It is the cell potential under nonstandard conditions. To calculate the nonstandard When the switch is opened as shown in figure 12, the inductor creates a Figure 11: For Boost converter
Figure 9: Shows Nernst equation
2 gas valves will be 2 cell potential of the prototype, the Nernst equation is shown in figure 9. Nernst formula magnetic field. However, when the switch is closed, electricity flows in the
used to control the
movement of input equation is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the second half of the circuit as shown in graph 13. The magnetic field of the inductor starts to collapse
and output gases nonstandard cell potential. generating a great electromagnetic induction with voltage moving
Hose 2m CO2 concentration cell: in the same direction of the circuit greater than the that of the input voltage,
Nernst equation formula is: (Equation 6)
The idea of the solution is based on using cheap graphite bars and this charges the capacitor. The function of the switch is to open and close
Where:
and carbon dioxide to produce electricity. The prototype is in just 100 micro-seconds, and the function of the diode is to prevent the
Small straw 10 composed of an anodic half-cell, cathodic half-cell, CO2 inlet, • E: the nonstandard cell potential electricity Figure 12: For on-state boost converter

Two meters Electric cables 2 and salt bridge, as shown in figure 6.
The prototype has high efficiency to convert the CO2 that
comes from the energy sector in Egypt into useful energy at
Electric switch 1 a low price. So, it has a high environmental advantage as it
will decrease the number of greenhouse gases in Egypt. It
also has a high economic advantage because it generates
acrylic plates of 15cm tall and 10cm width 20
electricity at a low price.
The prototype is composed of two half cells, each with an electrolyte
of H2O solution and ten bars of graphite as electrodes. Each half cell
A two meters fish hose 2m  has a pipe that allows CO2 to be pumped into the H2O solution.
Galvanic cells:
According to the concept of galvanic cells in CH.1.15, galvanic
Table 1: presents the used materials cells are electrochemical cells in which spontaneous oxidation-
reduction reactions produce electrical energy. In accord with the
• the standard cell potential from the capacitor to move in the opposite direction of the circuit. As a result
of this mechanism, a huge amount of voltage is produced. Another point, the
• R: the universal gas constant which is: 8.31446261815324 J⋅K−1⋅mol-1.
project will be used with source of electricity beside the power plant.
• T: the temperature in kelvin. - z: ion charge (moles of electrons). Therefore, the current must alternate current, so, an inverter will be used to
• F: Faraday constant which is: 96 485.3321 s A / mol. - Q: reaction quotient change the DC current of the project to AC. Figure 13: For off-state boost converter
Figure 6: illustrates the galvanic cell
Since the standard cell potential = Zero, the equation becomes: Store the hydrogen produced in high pressure tank:
(Equation 7) As mentioned before, when the carbonic acid dissolves in water it produces
Where: hydrogen. In the small scale of the prototype, the amount of hydrogen is
• T = 20 + 273.15 = 293.150 K, nothing, but in the real-life scale the produced hydrogen could be dangerous.
• This amount of hydrogen can be beneficial, and its danger can be avoided by
Z = +4, as the ion charge of carbon is +4
using high-pressure hydrogen containers as shown in figure 14, 5 kg of hydrogen
• Q = The concentration of the products power the number of moles / the concentration of the reactants can be stored in a 75-liter tank. These hydrogen containers store hydrogen using
power the number of moles = a pressure of 350–700 bars. Since hydrogen has many usages, storing it will be
Figure 14: Shows the hydrogen containers.

Figure7: illustrates the galvanic cell (Equation 8)

Methods
concept of oxidation- reduction reaction in CH.1.14 and CH.1.15, an very advantageous for humans. Hydrogen can be used as a green fuel or in electric generating power plants.
oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons
between two species, by that changing the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion change by gaining The cell mechanism: (Chemistry LO14)

1. Two plastic containers which are used with a perfect dimension to adapt the function and be electrical
insulators were divided into 10 different separated parts using some plastic plates in each container. Also,
or losing an electron.
A galvanic cell comprises two half cells, anode, cathode, electrolyte, and salt bridge. The anode is the
electrode of an electrochemical cell that provides electrons to the external circuit, the anode is the negative
The high concentration half cell works as the cathode, and the low concentration half cell works as the anode.
As a result, the graphite bar in the anodic half cell tends to lose 4 electrons and become a carbon ion (C4 +).
The lost electrons transfer from the anode to the cathode. Hydrogen ions that are produced from H 2CO3
Literature cited
electrode, as shown in figure 7. The cathode is the electrode of an electrochemical cell that accepts • Zumdahl, Steven S., et al. “Electrochemistry.” Chemistry, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, 2018.
a salt bridge which is a small pipe filled with salty solution and blocked with cotton from each side was dissociation, as shown in equations 3 and 4 gains these electrons and become hydrogen atoms, as shown in
1. between
made Two plastic
each paircontainers
of half cells. which aresome
Moreover, used with
cells a perfect
which will be thedimension to adapt
cathode are filled with 50mL of electrons from the external circuit, the cathode is the positive electrode. The left half-cell in the figure • Kim, Changmin, et al. “Efficient CO2 Utilization via a Hybrid NA-CO2 System Based on CO2 Dissolution.”
the following equations:
water, and the others contains an electrode of a low standard reduction potential so it tends to lose electrons, and be the anode, IScience, vol. 9, 2018, pp. 278–285., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2018.10.027.
the function and are
be filled with150mL
electrical of waterwere
insulators to be the anode. into 10 different separated
divided Anodic reaction: C  C4+ + 4e- (Equation 9) • Fathah, Abdul. “Design of a Boost Converter.” Ethesis, 1 Jan. 1970, http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4811/.
and a solution as an electrolyte. The right half-cell in the figure contains an electrode of a high standard
2.
parts using some plastic plates in each container.
10 holes were made in each cover of the containers, as shown in • Libretexts. “Concentration Cell.” Chemistry LibreTexts, Libretexts, 15 Aug. 2020,
reduction potential so it tends to gain electrons and be the cathode, and a solution as an electrolyte. Cathodic reaction: 4H+ + 4e-  2H2 (Equation 10)
figure 2, and small pipes that have different thicknesses to maintain the https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/
At this point, no current flows, as there is no significant movements of electrons through the wire because the The net redox reaction: C + 4H+  C4+ + 2H2 (Equation 11) Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/Electrochemical_Cells_under_Nonstandard_Conditions/Concentration_Cell/.
Amount of CO2 getting into each cell was put in each hole to deliver
circuit is open. Next, the circuit is closed using the salt bridge, which transmits the current with moving ions. The • “CO2 Emissions (Kt) - Egypt, Arab Rep.” Data, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT?
CO2 to the cell, as shown in figure 5.
salt bridge consists of nonreactive solutions. The negative ions of the salt pass through the bridge into the anodic contextual=aggregate&amp;locations=EG.
half-cell electrolyte.