How should I document sources?

 The two most widely used formats for

endnotes and bibliographies in reports are
those of the Modern Language Association
(MLA) and the American Psychological
Association (APA).

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 How should I document sources?

 Citation  Documentation
 means attributing an  means providing the
idea or fact to its bibliographic
source in the body of information readers
the report would need to go back
to the original source

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 In-text Citation : Three Types

 1. Information prominent citation

- Information is given primary importance
- The author’s name(s) and date of publication
are parenthetically attached at the end of the
sentence

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 Information prominent

 Example:
The literature on teaching effectiveness has
established few theoretical grounds to guide the
selection of meaningful variables (Doyle, 2012).

In most deserts of the world, transitions between

topographic elements are abrupt (Smith, 2000).

©2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22-4

 In-text Citation

 2. Author prominent
This citation is used to refer to studies more
closely related to yours. The author’s name is
given more emphasis. It serves as the subject of
the sentence, followed by the date of publication
in parentheses, and then by the information.

E.g. Leopold (2008) described graphically the

differences between the various vibration scales.
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 Author Prominent

E.g. Leopold (2008)  E.g. Martin (2007)

found that teachers suggested/proposed/
allocated equal time hypothesized that
to all groups. aluminium may be
(findings accepted as common in diatom
facts) residues
 (tentative findings)

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 Author Prominent

 E.g. Sillen (2005) showed that aluminium in

seawater is regulated by a thermodynamic
balance. (findings generally accepted as fact)

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 In-text Citation

 Weak author  Example:

prominent citation is Several researchers
used where the focus have studied the
is on the research relationship between
area of several classroom adjustment
authors. and mobility
(Wallwork, 2010;
Randall, 2009;
Madsen, 2006)

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 Short direct quotation

Soo (2011, p. 28) stated that credit cards are

“ubiquitous items for every working individual”.
While credit cards ……

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  Longer direct quotation (more than 3 sentences/
about 50 words or more)
It is said that having a credit card is important.

“…………………………………… …………………………
………………………………………………………………. ”
(Soo, 2011, p.28)
Therefore, credit cards play a significant role ….

©2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22-10

MLA and APA Formats for
Documenting Sources

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MLA and APA Formats for
Documenting Sources

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 1.Article in a Periodical

Gilsdorf, J., & Leonard, D. (2001). Big stuff, little stuff: A decennial
measurement of executives’ reactions to questionable usage elements.
The Journal of Business Communication, 38, 439-475.

2.Article in an Edited Book

Killingsworth, M.J., & Jacobsen, M. (2009). The rhetorical construction of

environmental risk narratives in government and activitist websites: A
critique. In J.M. Perkins & N. Blyler (Eds.), Narrative and professional
communication (pp.167-177). Stamford, CT: Ablex.

©2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22-13

 3. Book

Cross, G.A. (2001). Forming the collective mind: A contextual

exploration of large-scale collaborative writing in industry.
Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

4.Magazine article

Kandel, E.R., & Squire, L.R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience:

Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind,
Science, 290, 1113-1120.

©2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22-14

 5. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages

Schwartz, J. (2025, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social

status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

©2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22-15