EDR Technical Training for GE Sales and Marketing

EDR Technical Training
for GE Sales and Marketing
Richard Lewis
Technical Marketing
Technology & Product
Overview
2/
GE Confidential
For Internal Use Only
Slide for Public Distribution
Critical Intersection
4.5
Cost of Water $/1000 Gal
Cost of Desalination
3.0
Cost Water Reuse
1.0 Cost of ‘Traditional’ Water Supply
1996 2010
• Larger thermal units
Declining Desalination Cost • RO innovation
Declining Reuse Cost • Innovation in advanced membrane technologies
3/
GE Confidential
Advanced Membrane Water Treatment

Economics
US$/m3
1.0
0.9 Seawater RO
0.8
Total Water Cost,
0.7
0.6 Reuse to potable quality

0.5
0.4
0.3
Brackish RO
0.2
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000
Plant Size, Production in m3/day
4/
GE Confidential
Ionics EDR Timeline
1948 - Ionics develops 1970 - Ionics introduces

ion exchange membranes reversal process to Electrodialysis
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1954 – ED Technology is 1997 – Introduction of

developed Ionics EDR 2020 System
5/
GE Confidential
Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR)
6/
GE Confidential
What is Electrodialysis Reversal?

Electrodialysis
An electrochemical separation process in which ions are
transferred through ion exchange membranes by means of a DC
voltage
Electrodialysis Reversal
A continuous self-cleaning electrodialysis process by means of
periodic reversal of the
DC polarity, switching concentrating and diluting flow streams
7/
GE Confidential
Electrolytic Cell
In a salt bath under the influence of direct current, the cations & anions
migrate towards their respective electrode. This is the basis for all
electrolytic driven processes.
Flow of electrons (e-)
Na+
Cl2
Cl
H2 -
O2
OH H+
-
Cathode (-) (+) Anode
8/
GE Confidential
Electrodialysis
Cathode (-) - - - - -
Na+
Na+
Na+
Cation-Transfer Membrane
Na+
Na+
Cl - -
Cl Na+ Desalinated Product
Cl -
Cl -
Cl - Cl -
+
Na Cl Cl- Anion-Transfer Membrane
+
Na
Cl - - Na+ Na+
Na+
Cl Na+
Concentrate
Na+
Na + +
Na Cation-Transfer Membrane
+ + + + + The use of membranes composed

of ion exchange material creates
Anode (+) separate desalinated and
concentrate compartments.
Electrodialysis
Cathode (-) - - - - -
+
Na+
Na
Na+ Cation-Transfer Membrane
Na+
Na+
Cl - Cl - Na+ Desalinated Product

Cl -
Cl - Anion-Transfer Membrane
Cl - Cl -
Cl-
Na+ Cl
+
Na
Concentrate
Cl - Cl - Na+ Na+ Na +
Cation-Transfer Membrane
Na+
Na+
Na+ +
Na The use of membranes composed
of ion exchange material creates
Anode (+) + + + + +
separate desalinated and
concentrate compartments.
10 /
GE Confidential
ED Process
11 /
GE Confidential
Anion Exchange Membrane
12 /
GE Confidential
Cation Exchange Membrane
13 /
GE Confidential
A GE EDR Cell Pair
14 /
GE Confidential
15 /
GE Confidential
EDR Stack Cell Pair

• Mk III stacks can contain up to 500 cell pairs
• Mk IV stacks can contain up to 600 cell pairs
• Cell Pair contains:
– Anion Exchange Membrane
– Concentrating Spacer
– Cation Exchange Membrane
– Diluting Spacer
16 /
GE Confidential
Intercell Spacers
The water flows tangentially across the membranes

as the ions are transferred through
Mk IV-2 Intercell Spacer
17 /
GE Confidential
Mk IV Flow Spacers
Demineralization Inlet Manifold

A
Demineralization Flowpath Concentration Inlet Manifold
B
Demineralization Outlet Manifold
C
Concentration Outlet Manifold
D
Demineralization Inlet Manifold

A
Concentration Flowpath Concentration Inlet Manifold
B
Demineralization Outlet Manifold
C
Concentration Outlet Manifold
D
18 /
GE Confidential
Flow Path through Spacers

- - Cathode (-) - -
Electrode Flow
Anion-Exchange Membrane
Flow Concentrate
Spacer
Cation-Exchange Membrane
Demineralized
Product
Turbulent Anion-Exchange Membrane
Flow Paths
Concentrate
Cation-Exchange Membrane
Electrode Flow
+ + Anode (+)+ +
19 /
GE Confidential
Spacer Configuration
Concentration
Outlet Manifold (D)
Demineralization
Outlet Manifold (C)
Concentration
Flow Direction Inlet Manifold (B)
Demineralization
Inlet Manifold (A)
Demineralization
Spacer
Concentration
Spacer
Demineralization
Spacer
Concentration
Spacer Demineralization
Inlet Manifold
Concentration
Inlet Manifold
Demineralization
Outlet Manifold
Concentration
Outlet Manifold
20 /
GE Confidential
Membrane Stack Assembly
Basic Cell Pair Membrane Stack
21 /
GE Confidential
Electrodes
• Titanium base with a rare

earth element paint layer
and platinum coat
• Identical Electrodes on both
top and bottom
• Electrodes act as both anode
and cathode during reversal
cycle
22 /
GE Confidential
Streams in the EDR Process
Feed
Concentrate
Make-up
Concentrate Recycle Product
Waste
23 /
GE Confidential
Streams in the EDR Process
24 /
GE Confidential
Optimal Salt Removal (50 – 94%)
Feed
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
STAGE STAGE STAGE STAGE

1 50% 75% 87.5% 94 %
2 3 4
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Product
25 /
GE Confidential
Typical EDR Performance

• 50 - 60% salt removal per stage
• ~90% salt removal is the practical upper limit
• 85 to 94% water recovery
• No silica rejection or concentration
26 /
GE Confidential
Large Range of System Capacities

Example: 4 Line, 3 Stage System
+ + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - -
200,000 USGPD per line
+ + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - -
800,000
USGPD
Product
+ + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - -
+ + + + + + + + +
- - - 50% - - - 75% - - - 87.5%

salt removal salt removal salt removal
27 /
GE Confidential
EDR Performance
Typical Performance Using 2, 3 and 4 Stage Designs
28 /
GE Confidential
EDR Performance
TDS Removal
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40% 2 Stage
3 Stage
30% 4 Stage
20%
10%
0%
10 15 20 25
Tempera ture
Conditions: Feed TDS 1,130 and EDR Recovery 85%
29 /
GE Confidential
Feed Water F eed

Calcium (mg/L) 72.00
Magnesium (mg/L) 32.00
Sodi um (mg/L) 256.49
Potassium (mg/L) 16.80
Strontium (mg/L) 0.44
Barium (mg/L) 0.00
Ammonia (mg/L) 0.00
Bicarbonate (mg/L) 183.00
Sulphate (mg/L) 111.00
Chloride (mg/L) 434.00
Fluoride (mg/L) 0.00
Nitrate (mg/L) 16.00
Total PO4 (mg/L) 0.00
HPO4= (mg/L) 0.00
H2PO4- (mg/L) 0.00
Silica (mg/L) 8.20
TDS (mg/L) 1129.9

Conductivity (uS/cm) 1873.1
pH 7.20
CaSO4 %Sat 4.00
BaSO4 %Sat 0.00
SrSO4 %Sat 9.07
CaF2 %Sat 0.00
CaHPO4 %Sat 0.00
Ca3(PO4)2 %Sat 0.00
LI -0.39
Flow Rate 243.9
Total Hardness 311.8
30 /
GE Confidential
Electrodialysis Reversal Process
Electrodialysis Reversal is a continuous self-cleaning

electrodialysis process by means of periodic reversal of
the DC polarity
31 /
GE Confidential
Polarity Reversal
• Minimizes need for continuous chemical
feeds
• Automatically cleans electrodes with acid
formed during anodic operation
32 /
GE Confidential
EDR Process Reversal Diagram
• System reverses 3 to 4 times per hour

• Minimizes need for
continuous chemical
feeds
• Cleans alternating
electrodes with acid
formed during
anodic operation
33 /
GE Confidential
Polarity Reversal
• Minimizes scaling and colloidal deposition

• Breaks up freshly precipitated scale and flushes them before
they grow and
cause damage
• Reduces slime or similar
formations on membrane
surfaces
34 /
GE Confidential
EDR Phased Reversal Diagram
Reversal of each stack is phased in a sequence for minimum reversal

time and waste water
35 /
GE Confidential
Colloidal Deposition
Posit ive Polarit y
(-) Cathode
- - - -
Cation-
- - Exchange
- - -
- Membrane
- - -
- -- - -- - - -- - -- -- - -- - -- --
- - -- - -- --
Feed
Flow - -- - -- -+- - -- - -- -- + Anion-
+ + +
+ + + + Exchange
+
Membrane
+ + + + (+) Anode
Mineral scale and colloids can accumulate on the

membrane surface during normal operation.
36 /
GE Confidential
Colloidal Displacement
Negat ive Polarit y
(+) Anode
+ + + + +
Cation-
- - - Exchange
- -
- - Membrane
- -
- -- - -- -- - -- - -- -- - -- - -- --
- -- - -- -
- - -- - -- -- - -
Feed - - -- - - -
Flow + - - -- + - - -- +
+- - +
Anion-
+ + + + +
Exchange
Membrane
- - - - - (-) Cathode
Reversing the applied voltage cleans the membrane

surface of colloids and mineral scale. This reduces
antiscalant use and CIP frequency.
37 /
GE Confidential
EDR Product Platforms
38 /
GE Confidential
Product Range
The Aquamite product line is for smaller projects. Features skid-mounted

hydraulic controls.
39 /
GE Confidential
Aquamite Systems
Aquamite III
4,000-11,000 GPD (15-42 m3/day)
Aquamite X
40,000-100,000 GPD (150-380 m3/day)
40 /
GE Confidential
Aquamite Systems
Aquamite XX
100,000-300,000 GPD (380-1150 m3/day)
Aquamite XV
110,000-200,000 GPD (400-750 m3/day)
41 /
GE Confidential
Product Range
EDR 2020
3 Stage Ca paci ties
EDR2020 8/3
EDR2020 7/3
EDR2020 6/3
EDR2020 5/3
EDR2020 4/3
EDR2020 3/3
EDR2020 2/3
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000

Prod uct , GPD
The 2020 product line is for larger projects. Requires field erection.
42 /
GE Confidential
EDR 2020 Product Capacities

# of lines Ca pa city
2 400,000 GPD (1500 m 3/da y)
3 600,000 GPD (2270 m 3/da y)
4 800,000 GPD (3000 m 3/da y)
5 1 MGD (3780 m 3/da y)
6 1.2 MGD (4550 m 3/da y)
7 1.4 MGD (5300 m 3/da y)
8 1.6 MGD (6050 m 3/da y)
Each EDR 2020 Unit can have up to 8 lines of stacks. Multiple

units may be used in parallel for desired production.
43 /
GE Confidential
EDR 2020 Product Line

• The Ionics EDR 2020 System was first commercialized in 1997
• “2020” - 20/20 vision, clear product water, clear vision for the
future
• The release of this product line brought about many advances to the
technology:
– Mark IV Screen Spacer Design
– Reversal Modules
– Larger Production Capabilities
– Lower Capital Costs / Gallon Product
– Flexible Layouts
• Capacity of 200,000 GPD and higher
44 /
GE Confidential
Butterfly Valve Skid Design
Inlet Reversing Module Outlet Reversing Module

Pictures Courtesy of B. Healy
45 /
GE Confidential
EDR 2020 Stacks

• Each line consists of EDR stacks
– Stacks are arranged is series
– All EDR 2020 stacks are Mk IV Design
• Up to four stacks per line are used – depending on
desired salt removal
• Each stage can remove ~60% salts – more stages
provide higher cuts
46 /
GE Confidential
Project Example
• 2 EDR Units
• 3 lines per Unit, 4 Stages per line
• Once common CIP system
• Redundant concentrate pump
• Product transfer system
47 /
GE Confidential
EDR 2020 System Layout
48 /
GE Confidential
EDR Mega Trailer General Arrangement
49 /
GE Confidential
EDR 2020 System Photograph
50 /
GE Confidential
Platform Selection and Design
51 /
GE Confidential
Critical EDR Performance Parameters

• Amperage
• Voltage
• Feed, Product and Concentrate Objectives
• Stack Inlet/Outlet Differential Pressure
• Electrode Stream Flow
• Temperature
52 /
GE Confidential
Pretreatment Requirements
• Cartridge Filter – 10-micron filter included in EDR
standard product
• Optional Site-Specific Pretreatment as Needed
– Media Filtration - to lower turbidity down to levels <0.5
NTU
– Ultrafiltration
– Clarifier - for removal of TSS and organics in feed
• Anionic Polymer Addition
• Cationic Polymer Addition
• Ferric Chloride
53 /
GE Confidential
Cartridge Filter
• System Mounted Pretreatment
• Pore size rating: 10 m
• Eden Excel
– Fiberglass reinforced PVC housing
– Size of cartridge filter dependant on system flowrates
54 /
GE Confidential
EDR Feed Water

Feed TDS 200 - 3,000 mg/l is Normal for most applications
3,000 – 10,000 mg/l using High Salinity design
(additional stacks, DC rectifiers)
Feed Water Design Limitations

Iron (dissolved) 0.3 mg/L
Manganese (dissolved) 0.1 mg/L
H2S 0.1 mg/L
Aluminum 0.1 mg/L
COD 50 mg/L as O2
TOC 15 mg/L
Oil 2.0 mg/L (IR method)
Allowable Levels Continuous Intermittent

Free Chlorine 0.5 mg/L 30 mg/L cleaning
Turbidity 0.5 NTU 2.0 NTU
SDI5 10-12 15
55 /
GE Confidential

Amperage
• Important driving force for ion transfer
• Amperage controls amount of removal per stage
– Higher current promotes more ion removal
• Determined by two factors:
– Applied stack voltage
– Overall stack resistivity, defined greatly by dilute
stream conductivity
56 /
GE Confidential

Voltage
• Required to push the amperes through the stack
• Maximum voltage 600 VDC due to cable rating
• At constant voltage, changes in amperage and salt cut
predict problems inside EDR stacks
– Hotspots
– Blocked Flow Path
57 /
GE Confidential

Feed Water Quality
• Critical operating parameter
• Plant design based on specific design water analysis
– Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
– Basic ion concentrations
• Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium
• Sulfate, Chloride, Bicarbonate
– Concentration of potentially scaling ions
• Barium
• Strontium
• Phosphate
• Changes in feed quality will affect the system
58 /
GE Confidential

Feed Water Temperature
• Removal through system is directly dependant on the temperature
of the water
• Ion mobility and hence removal increases in waters with higher
temperatures
• Colder water will experience less removal
• It is important to understand the seasonal changes in temperature
of the feed water
– Change voltage to maintain product quality
– Avoid polarization when temperature increases
59 /
GE Confidential

Stack Inlet/Outlet Differential Pressure
• Dilute stream kept at slightly higher pressure than the
concentrate stream
– Inlet Differential ~ 20” water
– Outlet Differential ~ 40” water
• Any leakage across membrane will go from dilute
into concentrate stream
• Prevents contamination of dilute stream with high
conductivity brine
60 /
GE Confidential

Electrode Stream Flow
• Third and smallest process stream within the EDR
• Rinses the electrodes of evolved gases and electrolytic reaction
products
• Gases (H2, O2, Cl2) would “white out” amperage transmission if
allowed to build up
• Continuous flow to the cathode, anode bumped every 5 minutes
for 30 seconds per electrical stage
• Flow rate: 0.8 - 1.5 GPM
– Decline indicates blockage, scaling or failure
– Flow should never go below 0.5 GPM
61 /
GE Confidential
Polarization
• The point at which the amount of current per unit area
of a membrane exceeds the current carrying capacity
of the solution
• Membranes surface area becomes too ion deficient for
amperage applied
• Results in Water Splitting, H2O dissociates to OH- and
H+ ions
62 /
GE Confidential
Polarization
Voltage Gradient
Cation Exchange Membrane
Na +
Na +
Cl-
Cl-
Anion Exchange Membrane
Increasing Voltage
63 /
GE Confidential
Polarization
Dilute
H+ + HCO3 - CO2 + H2O
Flowpath
H2 O H+ + OH-
Anion OH- + HCO3 - CO3= + H2 O

Membrane
CaCO3
Ca+ + CO3=
(scale)
Brine
Flowpath
Ca+
OH- ions transferring through anion membrane combine
with available HCO3- anions creating CO32- and H2O
OH- ions raise pH making salts less soluble
CO32- ions combine in anion membrane with available
Ca2+ ions creating CaCO3, which precipitate out as solid salt
64 /
GE Confidential
Polarization
• Polarization can be localized (a few cell pairs) or
general (the whole stack)
• Polarization is caused for a fixed system (feed TDS,
feed flow, set amperage) by reduced flow, reduced
feed salinity, or increased amperage
• Low flow can be caused by localized debris
blockage or reduced dilute flow
• Polymer fouling of the membranes can also can also
create a localized water splitting by creating a
bipolar area
65 /
GE Confidential
Concentrate Steam Shorting
• The point at which applied voltage deviates from

the direct perpendicular path through the
membranes, from the anode to the cathode
• Current is short-circuited to the manifold from the
electrode, generating enough heat to damage
membranes and spacers
66 /
GE Confidential
Concentrate Steam Shorting

e- e- e- Electrode
Heavy Spacer
e Heavy Cation Membrane
Intermembrane Spacer
e- Anion Membrane
e- Anion Membrane
Intermembrane Spacer
Heavy Cation Membrane
Heavy Spacer
e- e- e- Electrode
Electrode Insulating
Grommet
67 /
GE Confidential
EDR 2020 Service Area Piping
68 /
GE Confidential
EDR 2020 Stack Area Piping
69 /
GE Confidential
EDR 2020 6/1 Plan View
70 /
GE Confidential
EDR 2020 Process Flow Diagram
71 /
GE Confidential
Silica
• ED & EDR do not remove or concentrate silica – silica

is not ionized below pH 9.5
• High silica levels in the feed – no impact on water
recovery
• Example: 5.3 mgd EDR plant in Gran Canaria
– 85% water recovery
– 70 mg/l silica in the feed
72 /
GE Confidential
Scale Control
Comparing RO and EDR Methods
73 /
GE Confidential
Langelier Index
An index to measure the tendency of a water to be scaling or corrosive.
Determined graphically or through the use of charts.
Langelier Saturation Index

Calcium Carbonate Scale
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
Corrosive Neutral Scaling

EDR concentrate has an LSI limit of 2.1 without the use of antiscalant. With
antiscalant addition, the maximum concentrate LSI increases to 2.5.
74 /
GE Confidential
Scale Control Methodology
RO EDR
Normal Waters Chemical addition Polarity Reversal only
to feed water (up to LSI +2.1, CaSO4 150%)
High Scaling Waters High chemical use Polarity Reversal

to feed water and minor chemical use
in concentrate
75 /
GE Confidential
Scale and Colloid Removal with EDR

Using Polarity Reversal during Normal Operation
Reversing the applied voltage cleans the membrane surface of colloids

and mineral scale. This reduces antiscalant use and CIP frequency.
76 /
GE Confidential
EDR Scale Sequestering
• In many cases, acid and antiscalants are not required.

• When concentrate is LSI > +2.1 and CaSO4 > 150%, a
small quantity of chemical can be added to the low
volume concentrate stream
77 /
GE Confidential
RO and EDR: Ion Removal

RO Feed
RO Product
Concentrate
EDR Feed EDR Product
Concentrate
78 /
GE Confidential
RO & EDR: Effects of Antiscalant Addition
RO Feed
RO Product
Antiscalant to
full feed flow
Concentrate
EDR Feed
EDR Product
Concentrate
Antiscalant to
concentrate
79 /
GE Confidential
RO and EDR: Effects of Acid Addition

RO Feed CO
2
RO Product
Acid to full
feed flow
Concentrate
CO2 is transferred through RO membranes to product.
RO Product pH is shifted lower.
RO requires decarbonation in many cases.
EDR Feed
EDR Product
Concentrate
Acid to
concentrate
Acid is added to isolated concentrate stream.
CO2 is not added to product water. Decarbonation not needed.
80 /
GE Confidential

EDR Technical Training for GE Sales and Marketing

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EDR Technical Training for GE Sales and Marketing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EDR Technical Training

for GE Sales and Marketing

1.0 Cost of ‘Traditional’ Water Supply

Declining Reuse Cost • Innovation in advanced membrane technologies

Advanced Membrane Water Treatment

0.6 Reuse to potable quality

Ionics EDR Timeline

1948 - Ionics develops 1970 - Ionics introduces

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

1954 – ED Technology is 1997 – Introduction of

What is Electrodialysis Reversal?

Cathode (-) (+) Anode

+ + + + + The use of membranes composed

Cl - Cl - Na+ Desalinated Product

Anion Exchange Membrane

Cation Exchange Membrane

A GE EDR Cell Pair

EDR Stack Cell Pair

The water flows tangentially across the membranes

Mk IV-2 Intercell Spacer

Demineralization Inlet Manifold

Demineralization Inlet Manifold

Flow Path through Spacers

Membrane Stack Assembly

Basic Cell Pair Membrane Stack

• Titanium base with a rare

Streams in the EDR Process

Concentrate Recycle Product

Streams in the EDR Process

Optimal Salt Removal (50 – 94%)

STAGE STAGE STAGE STAGE

Typical EDR Performance

Large Range of System Capacities

- - - 50% - - - 75% - - - 87.5%

Conditions: Feed TDS 1,130 and EDR Recovery 85%

Feed Water F eed

TDS (mg/L) 1129.9

Electrodialysis Reversal Process

Electrodialysis Reversal is a continuous self-cleaning

EDR Process Reversal Diagram

• System reverses 3 to 4 times per hour

• Minimizes scaling and colloidal deposition

EDR Phased Reversal Diagram

Reversal of each stack is phased in a sequence for minimum reversal

Mineral scale and colloids can accumulate on the

Reversing the applied voltage cleans the membrane

The Aquamite product line is for smaller projects. Features skid-mounted

0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000

EDR 2020 Product Capacities

Each EDR 2020 Unit can have up to 8 lines of stacks. Multiple

EDR 2020 Product Line

Butterfly Valve Skid Design

Inlet Reversing Module Outlet Reversing Module

EDR 2020 Stacks

EDR 2020 System Layout

EDR Mega Trailer General Arrangement

EDR 2020 System Photograph

Critical EDR Performance Parameters

EDR Feed Water

Feed Water Design Limitations

Allowable Levels Continuous Intermittent

Critical EDR Performance Parameters

Critical EDR Performance Parameters