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The relevant transformations that are likely to occur in the activated sludge process:
(As mentioned in the previous lectures, significant nitrogen removal can not be
achieved by biological incorporation into activated sludge; 20-30 % only)
4 major forms are defined to depict nitrogen in wastewater discharges and receiving
waters:
Organic nitrogen
Unoxidized TKN
+
Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N or NH4 -N)
Total
Nitrogen
Nitrite nitrogen (NO2- -N)
Oxidized
Nitrate nitrogen (NO3- -N)
Only the first two are significant for wastewaters with the exception of a few specific
industrial discharges.(See the above Table)
The oxidized nitrogen compounds (NO2- -N, NO3- -N) are not accounted for by the
TKN test. There are different analysis methods for these. Wastewaters do not contain
appreciable amounts of oxidized nitrogen.
Denitrification reduces nitrate, NO3- -N, to nitrogen gas and returns it to the
atmosphere. So nitrogen removal is completed.
Since the effluent limitations for nitrogen are given in terms of total nitrogen (organic
nitrogen + ammonia + nitrite + nitrate), nitrification itself is not enough for complete
nitrogen removal unless it is combined with denitrification.
Optimization of the activated sludge process with regard to a rational control of
nitrification and denitrification mechanisms, depends upon a better understanding of
the stoichiometry and the kinetics of these two processes. We will only see the
stoichiometry and the kinetics of NITRIFICATION as well as the design of
nitrification systems combined with carbon removal activated sludge systems.
NITRIFICATION
Microbial Description:
Stoichiometry of Nitrification
The oxidation of ammonia (NH4+) is involved both in the energy and biosynthesis
reactions. A portion of the electrons released by the oxidation of ammonia is
transferred to O2 in the energy reaction, while the remaining part is used as the
reducing power to convert CO2 to the oxidation level of cellular constituents
(C5H7NO2).
Energy Reaction:
+
NH 4 + 2 O 2 NO 3 + 2 H + + H 2 O
123 {
14 64
+
2.5 NH 4 + 5CO2 + NH 3 C 5 H 7 NO 2 + 2.5 NO3 + 5 H + + 1 / 2 H 2 O
1424 3 123 {
electron donor C source N as nutrient
Reported values for YA range from 0.07 to 0.28 gr cell COD/g N. The autotrophic
yield, YA, is very low comparing with that of heterotrophs.
Only 0.021 mole biomass may be generated with the removal of each mole of NH4+-
N.
0.17x1.42=0.24 g COD/g N
4.57-4.33=0.24 gr O2/gr N
Oxygen requirement
Since the YNA is too small, biomass generation can be neglected and oxygen
requirement for autotrophic growth can be practically calculated:
ORA=4.57x(removed ammonia)
Process Kinetics for Nitrification
Growth of autotrophs
Decay of autotrophs
Growth of Autotrophs
The relationship between the growth rate of nitrifying bacteria and the concentration
of energy yielding substrate (NH4+) has been formulated by a Monod-type rate
expression, as in the case of heterotrophic growth. In contrast to the organic matter
removal, substrate is NH4+in autotrophic growth.
S NH
A = A
K NH + S NH
-1
A =specific growth rate of nitrifiers [T ]
-1
A =maximum specific growth rate of nitrifiers [T ]
SNH=ammonia nitrogen concentration in the growth medium [M(N)/L3]
KNH=ammonia half-saturation constant [M(N)/L3]
SO
A = A
K OA + S O
where KOA is the half- saturation constant for SO function [M(O2/L3]
Hence,
dX A S NH
= A X A = A XA
dt K NH + S NH
Ammonia removal rate, nitrate generation rate and oxygen utilization rate can be
expressed as below based on growth process:
dS NH 1 dX A
=
dt YA dt
dS NH A S NH dS NH A dS NH
= X A or = XA or = qA XA
dt YA K NH + S NH dt YA dt
The ammonia nitrogen that is oxidized in the nitrification reactions appears as nitrate
nitrogen, SNO:
dS NO dS
= NH
dt dt
Oxygen consumption on the basis of stoichiometry
dSO dS
= (4.57 YA ) NH
dt dt
Decay of Autotrophs
dX A dX A
= b A X A overall = ( A b A ) X A
dt dt
Select X
K NH (1 + b A X )
S NH =
Calculate SNH A X (1 + b A X )
YA
OR A = (4.57 f X YNA ) Q NO X YNA =
1+ bA X
1 h / X
Select XR and calculate R R=
XR
1
X
PXT
Calculate QW QW =
XR