MADE BY

PARUL VISHWAKARMA
 Power Quality
 Power Quality means quality of the normal voltage
supplied to your facility.
 The growing use of microprocessors and electronic
equipments has made us to focus on power quality .
 Equipment and machinery can be damaged or even
fail when subjected to power anomalies .
 Voltage provided should be as close as possible to
nominal voltage and waveform must be pure sine
wave free from any harmonics and other
disturbances.
 POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS:
Power Quality problems can be broadly
classified into following categories.
• Voltage sags
• Micro-interruptions
• Long interruptions
• Voltage spikes
• Voltage swells
• Harmonic distortion
 Voltage Sags
A decrease of the normal voltage level between 10 and 90% of the nominal
rms voltage at the power frequency, for durations of 0,5 cycle to 1 minute.
Causes:
• Faults on the transmission or distribution
network.
• Faults in consumer’s installation.
• Connection of heavy loads and start-up of
large motors.
Consequences:
• Malfunction of microprocessor-based
control systems that may lead to a process
stoppage.
•Disconnection and loss of efficiency in
electric rotating machines.
 Micro-Interruptions
Total interruption of electrical supply for duration from few milliseconds
to one or two seconds.
Causes:
• Opening and automatic reclosure of protection devices.
• Insulation failure, lightning and insulator flashover.
Consequences:
•Tripping of protection devices.
• Loss of information and malfunction of data processing equipment.
• Stoppage of sensitive equipment (such as ASDs, PCs, PLCs).
 Long Interruptions
• Total interruption of electrical supply for duration greater than 1 to 2 seconds.

Causes:
• Equipment failure in the power system network.
• Storms and objects (trees, cars, etc) striking lines or poles, fire.
• Human error, bad coordination or failure of protection devices.
Consequences:
• Stoppage of all equipment.
 Voltage Spikes
Very fast variation of the voltage value for durations from a several
microseconds to few milliseconds.

Causes:
• Lightning.
• Switching of lines or power
factor correction capacitors.
• Disconnection of heavy loads.

Consequences:
• Destruction of components
and of insulation materials.
• Data processing errors or data loss.
• Electromagnetic interference.
 Voltage Swells
Momentary increase of the voltage, at the power frequency, outside the
normal tolerances, with duration of more than one cycle and typically less
than a few seconds.

Causes:
• Start/stop of heavy loads.
• Poorly dimensioned power sources.
• Poorly regulated transformers.

Consequences:
• Flickering of lighting and screens.
• Damage or stoppage or damage of
sensitive equipment.
 Supply voltage limit
• The Licensee shall maintain the voltages at the
point of commencement of supply to a
consumer within the limits stipulated here
under, with reference to declared voltage:
• i. In the case of Low Voltage, +6% and –6%;
• ii. In the case of High Voltage, +6% and -9%; and,
• iii. In the case of Extra High Voltage, +10% and –
12.5%
 Harmonics

+ =

sin( 5 x ) sin( 5 x )
f ( x )  sin( x ) f ( x)  f ( x )  sin( x ) 
5 5
 Harmonic Distortion
Voltage or current waveforms assume non-sinusoidal shape. The
waveform corresponds to the sum of different sine-waves with different
magnitude and phase, having frequencies that are multiples of power-
system frequency.

Causes:
Classic sources:
electric machines working above the knee of the
magnetization curve (magnetic saturation), arc
furnaces, welding machines, rectifiers, and DC
brush motors.
Modern sources:
all non-linear loads, such as power electronics
equipment including ASDs, switched mode power
supplies, data processing equipment, high
efficiency lighting.
Consequences of harmonic distortion
• Increased probability of occurrence of resonance.

• Nuisance tripping of thermal protections.

• Electromagnetic interference.

• Increase in the losses.

• Loss of efficiency in electric machines (e.g. 5th harmonic).

Power Quality Parameters

Frequency

Voltage Variations

Voltage Flicker

Voltage Dip
Power Quality Parameters

Interruptions

Temporary Overvoltage

Transients
Power Quality Parameters

Unbalance

Harmonics

Interharmonics
Frequency variations
• (1) Harmonic current injections from a generating station shall
not exceed the limits specified in Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 519.
• (2) The Generating station shall not inject DC current greater
than 0.5 % of the full rated output at the interconnection point.
• The generating station shall be capable of supplying
dynamically varying reactive power support so as to maintain
power factor within the limits of 0.95 lagging to 0.95 leading.
• (2) The generating units shall be capable of operating in the
frequency range of 47.5 Hz to 52 Hz and shall be able to deliver
rated output in the frequency range of 49.5 Hz to 50.5 Hz.
• (1) The total harmonic distortion for voltage at
the connection point shall not exceed 5% with
no individual harmonic higher than 3%.
• (2) The total harmonic distortion for current
drawn from the transmission system at the
connection point shall not exceed 8%.
 Supply frequency limit
• The Licensee shall as far as possible supply
and maintain uninterrupted power supply at a
frequency between 49.02 and 50.5 Hz, which
is the frequency band for operation of the grid
ordered by the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission.
 Load unbalance limit
• (a) The Licensee shall ensure that the load
unbalances does not exceed 5% at the point of
commencement of supply.
• (b)The consumer taking three-phase supply
shall also balance his load in such a way that
the difference in loading between each phase
does not exceed 5% of the average loading
between the phases.
THANK YOU