POWER QUALITY MODULE 5

1. WHAT IS POWER QUALITY

IT DETERMINES THE FITNESS OF A POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

IT CAN BE A MEASURE OF RELIABILITY OF A SUPPY; or

IT CAN BE THOSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUPPLY THAT WILL ENABLE

A DEVICE TO WORK PROPERLY.

A POWER SUPPLY WHICH IS FREE FROM DISTURBANCES CAN BE

CONSIDERED AS A GOOD QUALITY POWER.
2.POWER QUALITY ISSUES
THOSE DISTURBANCES WHICH AFFECT THE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

“Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency

deviations that results in failure or misoperation of customer
equipment”.
2.POWER QUALITY ISSUES
3. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER
QUALITY ISSUES
1. Conducted low-frequency phenomena
a. Harmonics, interharmonics

b. Signalling voltages

c. Voltage fluctuations

d. Voltage dips and interruptions

e. Voltage unbalance

f. Power frequency variations

g. Induced low-frequency voltages

h. DC in AC networks
3. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER
QUALITY ISSUES
2. Radiated low-frequency phenomena
a. Magnetic fields

b. Electric field

3. Conducted high-frequency phenomena

A. Directly coupled or induced voltages or currents

B. Unidirectional transients

C. Oscillatory transients
3. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER
QUALITY ISSUES
4. Radiated high-frequency phenomena
a) Magnetic fields

b) Electric fields

c) Electromagnetic fields

5. Electrostatic discharge phenomena (ESD)

Sudden discharge between two electrically charged bodies

6. Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)

The sudden burst of electro-magnetic radiation (EM Pulse) during nuclear
explosion will change the electric and magnetic field
 4. TRANSIENTS
“AN EVENT THAT IS UNDESIRABLE AND MOMENTARY IN NATURE”

2 TYPES : IMPULSIVE AND OSCILLATORY

 An impulsive transient is a sudden, non–power frequency change in the

steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both that is unidirectional

in polarity (ositive or negative)

 An oscillatory transient is a sudden, non–power frequency change in the

steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both, that includes both
positive and negative polarity values
4. TRANSIENTS
IMPULSIVE OSCILLATORY
4. TRANSIENTS
OSCILLATORY – 3 TYPES
 High frequency transients (Frequency greater than 500 kHz).

 Medium frequency transients (Frequency between 5-500 kHz).

 Low frequency transients (Frequency less than 5 kHz)

CAUSE
 Lightning
 5. LONG-DURATION VOLTAGE
VARIATIONS
•Variations in RMS value of voltages at power frequencies for
longer than 1 min.
LONG DURATION
VOLTAGE VARIATION

OVER VOLTAGE UNDER VOTAGE

5. LONG-DURATION VOLTAGE
VARIATIONS
EFFECTS SOLUTION
• Hardware failures. • UPS.
• Crashes in PLC and other • Power
computerized equipment. Conditioners.
• Voltage
Regulators.
 5.1 OVER VOLTAGE
“Increase in the RMS ac voltage greater than 110 percent at the
power frequency for a duration longer than 1min”

CAUSE
 Switching off a large load

 Energizing a capacitor bank

 5.2 UNDER VOLTAGE
“Decrease in the RMS ac voltage less than 90 percent at the
power frequency for a duration longer than 1 min”

CAUSE
 Switching ON a large load

 De-energizing a capacitor bank

6. SUSTAINED INTERUPTIONS

Situation when the supply voltage is ZERO for more

than 1 min.

Requires human intervention to repair and restore the

system.
> 1 min
 7. SHORT DURATION VOLTAGE
VARIATIONS
• Short and temporary disturbances occurring in power system.
Def :

• Switching on large loads

• Loose connections
Cause: • faults

• Voltage sag
• Voltage swell
Types: • Interruptions
7. SHORT-DURATION VOLTAGE
VARIATIONS
EFFECTS SOLUTION
• Hardware failures. • UPS.
• Crashes in PLC and other • Power
computerized equipment. Conditioners.
• Voltage
Regulators.
 7.1 INTERRUPTIONS
“An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load current decreases
to less than 0.1 pu for a period of time not exceeding 1 min”

CAUSE
 Power system faults < 1 min
 Equipment failure
 Control malfunctions
 7.2 VOLTAGE SAG (DIP)
“A sag is a decrease in voltage to a value between 0.1 and 0.9
pu in RMS voltage or current at the power frequency for
durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 min”

CAUSE
 Single line to ground fault
 Switching ON heavy loads
 Starting of large inductions motors
 7.3 VOLTAGE SWELLS
“A swell is defined as an increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 pu in
RMS voltage or current at the power frequency for durations
from 0.5 cycle to 1 min”

CAUSE
 Switching OFF heavy loads

 Energizing capacitor banks

 8. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS
“Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations of the voltage to
a value between 0.9 to 1.1 pu”

CAUSE
 Loads with continuous variation in current

EFFECTS SOLUTION
• Hardware failures. • Power
• Crashes in PLC & Conditioners.
 8. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS
•Max Permissible Voltage Variation - 1.5%.

NOMINAL SYSTEM VOLTAGE (KV MAXIMUM MINIMUM

RMS) (KV RMS) (KV RMS)

765 800 728

400 420 380
220 245 198
132 145 122
110 121 99
66 72 60
33 36 30
 9. POWER FREQUENCY
VARIATIONS
“Deviation of the power system fundamental frequency from it
specified nominal value (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz)”

CAUSE
 Poor speed regulation of alternator

EFFECTS SOLUTION
 System crash • Power

 Speed variation in motors Conditioners. MAX PERMISSIBLE RANGE

49.2 to 50.3 Hz
• VDF, UPS
 10. WAVEFORM DISTORTION

“Waveform distortion is defined as a steady-state deviation

from an ideal sine wave of power frequency principally
characterized by the spectral content of the deviation”
10. WAVEFORM DISTORTION

5 TYPES
 HARMONICS
 INTER HARMONICS
 DC OFFSET
 NOTCHING
 NOISE
 10.1 HARMONICS
“Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having
frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental
frequency (usually 50 or 60 Hz)”
 10.2 INTER HARMONICS

“Voltages or currents having frequency components that are not

integer multiples of the fundaments frequency are called inter
harmonics ”
 10.2 INTER HARMONICS &
HARMONICS

CAUSE EFFECTS SOLUTION

• Non-linear loads. • Overheating • Power
• SMPS used by personal conductors and Conditioners.
computers. transformers. • Harmonic filters.
• VFD. • Decreased efficiency.
• Electronics devices. • Increases losses
 10.3 DC OFFSET
“The presence of a dc voltage or current in an ac power system
is termed dc offset”
 10.3 DC OFFSET

CAUSE EFFECTS SOLUTION

• Fault in power • Overheating of • DC Filters
electronic devices. transformers.
• Saturation of transformer
core
• Reduction in transformer
life.
 10.4 NOTCHING

“Periodic voltage disturbance caused by the normal operation of

power electronic devices”
 10.4 NOTCHING

CAUSE EFFECTS SOLUTION

• 3-phase power • Injects harmonics to the • Isolation of
electronic converter. supply. sensitive devices.
• Causes over heating
 10.5 NOISE
“Unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content
lower than 200 kHz superimposed upon the power system
voltage or current in phase conductors, or found on neutral
conductors or signal lines ”
 10.5 NOISE

CAUSE EFFECTS SOLUTION

• Power electronic • Injects harmonics to the • Isolation of
devices. supply. sensitive devices.
• Control circuits • Disturbance in micro • Filters.
• Arcing equipments controller, computers and • Power
• SMPS. PLC. conditioners