PULMONARY

TUBERCULOSIS
& DIPTHERIA
PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS (PBT)
Pulmonary TB, also known as consumption, spread
widely as an epidemic during the 18th and 19th
centuries in North America and Europe. After the
discovery of antibiotics like streptomycin and
especially isoniazid, along with improved living
standards, doctors were better able to treat and control
the spread of TB.

- is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This

microorganism not only infects the lung but also other organs such as
brain, kidneys and lymph nodes.
- is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It may
spread to other organs.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
TB is airborne, which means you can become infected with
M. tuberculosis after breathing air exhaled by someone with
tuberculosis. This can be air from:

• coughing
• sneezing
• laughing
• Singing

The germs can stay in the air for several hours. It’s
possible to inhale them even when the infected person isn’t
in the room.
METHODS OF
PREVENTION:
• Primary prevention: • Secondary prevention:
- The BCG vaccine - methods that are used for screening and
early diagnosis, such as tuberculin skin test
(TST) and IGRAs

Following are a few tips for minimizing your risk for pulmonary TB:

• Hand Hygiene
• Provide education on preventing TB like cough etiquette.
• Avoid extended close contact with someone who has TB.
• Air out rooms regularly.
• Cover your face with a mask that is approved for protection against
TB.
INCUBATION PERIOD:
The period from infection to development of the
primary lesion or significant tuberculin reaction is
about 3–9 weeks. (health.vic.gov)
2 to 12 weeks. (Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD)

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

The classical clinical symptoms and signs of pulmonary TB may
include the following:
• Breathing difficulty.
• Chest pain.
• Cough (usually with mucus)
• Coughing up blood.
• Excessive sweating, particularly at night.
• Fatigue.
• Fever.
• Weight loss.
 TREATMENT METHODS:
The usual treatment is:
2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months.
2 additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2
months of the 6-month treatment period.

COMPLICATIONS:
Pulmonary complications of TB can include:
• hemoptysis
• pneumothorax
• bronchiectasis
• extensive pulmonary destruction
• malignancy and
• chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS
• Active TB Disease - an illness in which the TB bacteria are rapidly
multiplying and invading different organs of the body.
• Miliary TB - is a rare form of active disease that occurs when TB
bacteria find their way into the bloodstream.
• Latent TB Infection.

PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS:

A cough that lasts more than three weeks. Loss of appetite and
unintentional weight loss. Fever
WHO (World Health Organization)

THE END TB STRATEGY (2015)

• The main targets in the End TB Strategy are: To reduce TB deaths
by 95% To cut new cases of TB by 90% between 2015 and 2035. To
ensure that no family is burdened with catastrophic expenses due to
TB.
DOH TB ELIMINATION PLAN:

Reduce the TB burden by:

➢ Decreasing the number of TB deaths by 15% from 26 000 to
22 000
➢ Decreasing the TB incidence rate by 12% from 554 to 488
per 100 000
Reduce catastrophic cost incurred by TB-affected households
from 35% to 0%
At least 90% of patients are satisfied with TB services
DIPTHERIA
What is DIPTHERIA?
Before the introduction of vaccines, diphtheria was a leading cause of
childhood death around the world, including in the United States. Due to
the success of the U.S. immunization program, diphtheria is now nearly
unheard of in the United States. However, the disease continues to cause
illness globally and there have been outbreaks reported in recent years. In
2018, countries reported more than 16,000 cases of diphtheria to the
World Health Organization, and there are likely many more cases.

- a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called

Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make a toxin.
- a contagious infectious disease that primarily affects the upper
respiratory tract
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION:
- Diphtheria spreads from person to person, usually through respiratory
droplets, like from coughing or sneezing.
- It can also spread by touching open sores or ulcers of someone with a
diphtheria skin infection.
- Infectious objects.
PREVENTION METHODS
INCUBATION PERIOD
The incubation period for diphtheria is 2 to 4 days, although it can
range from 1 to 6 days.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Diphtheria signs and symptoms usually begin two to five days after a
person becomes infected and may include:
• A thick, gray membrane covering your throat and tonsils.
• A sore throat and hoarseness.
• Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in your neck.
• Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing.
• Nasal discharge.
• Fever and chills.
 TREATMENT METHODS:
Treatments include: Antibiotics. Antibiotics, such as penicillin or
erythromycin, help kill bacteria in the body, clearing up infections.
This is important for both diphtheria infections in the respiratory
system and on the skin.

What are the complications of diphtheria?

• Respiratory failure due to pseudomembrane formation or aspiration,
tissue edema, and necrosis.
• Cardiac - Myocarditis, cardiac dilatation and failure, mycotic aneurysm,
endocarditis.
• Rhythm disturbances - Heart block, including AV dissociation and
dysrhythmias.
TYPES OF DIPTHERIA:
There are two types of diphtheria:

• Respiratory diphtheria involves the nose, throat and tonsils.

• Cutaneous diphtheria involves the skin.

PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS:
A thick, gray membrane covering your throat and tonsils. A sore
throat and hoarseness.
Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in your neck.
 The Department of Health (DOH) urges
parents to ensure that their children receive
the complete dose of all recommended
vaccines in their first year of life .
• Cases of diphtheria and other infectious diseases are being
monitored by the Epidemiology Bureau regularly. From
January 2019 – September 2019, there have been 167 cases
and 40 deaths compared to 122 cases and 30 deaths cases in
the same period in 2018.

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THANKYOUUU!!!!