Pathogenic Bacteria

Sandra Morales A01036135

Sandra Gutiérrez A01036101
Mauricio Díaz A01192389
Carlos Marcelo Calderón A00814914
Objectives
● Explain characteristics, types and effects of pathogenic bacteria in food.
● Define an outbreak and the solutions involved.
● State methods to minimize the possibility of bacteria growth in vegetables
and processed products.
Introduction
Pathogenic bacteria in food can cause
diseases via two ways:

● Foodborne infection:
○ ingestion of food containing live bacteria which
then establishes itself in the intestinal tract and
grows, causing a disease.
● Foodborne intoxication:
○ caused by ingesting food with toxins produced
by bacteria which grew on the food. Live
organism does not have to be confused
Importance
Food intoxication possibilities have to
be properly monitored , as bacterial
growth can be fought by our own
bodies but it’s much more dangerous
to ingest toxins.

It’s also important since growth can

spread easily among food and
outbreaks can happen in an instant,
which can lead to hospitalizations and
even deaths.
Characteristics of pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria are those that produce toxins which are harmful for
humans and other organisms. In order for these toxins to reach us, they have
to be present in foods we eat. Characteristics that bacteria must have to
proliferate in these environments are:

● pH
● Humidity
● Nutrient Content
Figure 1. Temperature and growth for pathogens

● Aw (water activity) Information gathered from Boston University for Public Health “Food Protection Manual”
http://wwwapp1.bumc.bu.edu/lphi/publichealthtraining/onlinecourses/foodprotection/
FoodProtection_print.html

To prevent growth in food, any or some of these variables are modified to

inhibit microorganisms
pH and Aw values for MO growth
Table 1. Oprimal and limiting pH and water activity values influences growth of common foodborne pathogens.
Information gathered from FDA Food Code 2017.
https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/ucm595139.htm
How does it work?
● Objective:
○ Multiply rather than to cause disease
○ Not to kill the host! → most cases it means death of the pathogen

● Bacteria can cause disease by:

○ Direct damage of the host cell
○ Indirect damage of the host cell
■ stimulating exaggerated host inflammatory/immune response (FAO)

Hanson, L. A. (10-11 de April de 2017). Bacterial Pathogenesis. Obtenido de Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:
http://www.fao.org/fi/static-media/MeetingDocuments/WorkshopAMR/presentations/08_Hanson.pdf
Peterson, J. W. (1996). Bacterial Pathogenesis. En J. W. Peterson, Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
Figure 1. Differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Retrieved from:
http://microbioenergetica.squarespace.com/bacteriologa/2014/7/21/bacterias-gram-positivas
 Gram positive vs Gram negative
Gram negative pathogenic bacteria
Gram positive pathogenic
bacteria ● Small peptidoglycan layer
● Instead, has an additional membrane:
● Have a large peptidoglycan cytoplasmic membrane
structure ● Cytoplasmic membrane
● Some of them form spores under ○ Unique to gram-negative
stressful conditions. Ex: lack of ○ Contains endotoxin
carbon or nitrogen ● Endotoxin
● Spores allows them to survive to ○ Essential for bacterial survival
○ Doesn’t enter the host cell. Remains
extreme conditions
extracellular
○ Lead to re-infection
○ Can be released during cell division or
death
Lowy, F. (s.f.). Bacterial Classification, Structure and Function.
Peterson, J. W. (1996). Bacterial Pathogenesis. En J. W. Peterson, Medical Microbiology (4th ed.).
○ Sepsis → Confusion, fever, drop in
Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Obtenido de
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8526/
blood pressure, multi-organ failure
 Examples of pathogenic bacteria
Gram negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria

Salmonella spp. Clostridium perfringens

Campylobacter jejuni Staphylococcus aureus

Yersinia enterocolitica Bacillus spp.

Shigella spp. Streptococcus spp.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus Listeria monocytogenes

Coxiella burneti Mycobacterium bovis

Brucella spp. Clostridium botulinum

Vibrio cholerae Serogroups Enterococus

Peterson, J. W. (1996). Bacterial Pathogenesis. En J. W. Peterson, Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
Obtenido de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8526/
 Classification Table 2. Intracellular or Extracellular Growth Preference
Relative to Eukaryotic Cells. Baron, S. 1996. Medical
Microbiology 4th edition. Galveston (TX). University of Texas

Can be grouped into three categories based Medical Branch at Galveston

on their invasive properties:

1. Facultative Intracellular
a. Not confined to cells
b. Bacteria may survive for months or years
2. Obligate Intracellular
a. Only propagates inside host cells
3. Extracellular
a. Cause damage when residing outside cells
b. Do not survive long periods in cells
c. Break down host macromolecules
d. Cause extensive tissue damage (FAO)
Peterson, J. W. (1996). Bacterial Pathogenesis. En J. W. Peterson, Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
Obtenido de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8526
FDA. (s.f.). Bad Bug Book. Handbook of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins, 1-292. Obtenido de
https://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/foodsafety/foodborneillness/foodborneillnessfoodbornepathogensnaturaltoxins/badbugbook/ucm297627.pdf
Outbreaks
FDA. (2016). FDA Investigated Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Poona Linked to Cucumbers. U.S. Food and Drug
Administration. Retrieved from:
https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/Outbreaks/ucm461317.htm#relate

Mexican Cucumber
Imported Cucumber from Rancho
Don Juanito R.L. de C.V., Baja
California, México.

● American Cucumber

Date of outbreak: September, 2015 (Illness clusters)

● 907 ill from Salmonella Poona

○ 204 hospitalized
○ 6 deaths

Infection occurred in more than 40 countries

Figure 2. People infected with Salmonella Poona, by state of residence by March 16, 2016.
Information retrieved from Centers for Diesease and Control and Prevention:
https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/poona-09-15/map.html
 Two voluntary recalls:

1) Andrew & Williamson Fresh

Produce
2) Custom Produce Sales from Andrew
& Williamson

Figure 3. Salmonella Poona Infections that are linked to Imported Cucumbers as of March 15, 2016.
Information retrieved from Centers for Diesease and Control and Prevention:
https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/poona-09-15/epi.html

FDA. (2016). FDA Investigated Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Poona Linked to Cucumbers. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from:
https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/Outbreaks/ucm461317.htm#relate
 FDA investigators determined concerns:

● Wastewater management
● Equipment design
● Pre-wash area
● Storage and packing material

Cross contamination

● Most reasonable cause by

FDA

FDA. (2016). FDA Investigated Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Poona Linked to Cucumbers. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from:
https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/Outbreaks/ucm461317.htm#relate
FDA. (2016). Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Blue Bell Creameries Products (Final Update). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/ice-cream-03-15/index.html.

Blue Bell Creameries

Listeriosis outbreak

● Dates of outbreak: January

2010 - January 2015

Outbreak information (illnesses)

● 10 ill from Listeria monocytogenes

○ 10 hospitalized
○ 3 deaths

Infection occurred in 4 states

FDA. (2016). Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Blue Bell Creameries Products (Final Update). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/ice-cream-03-15/index.html.

State Case Count

Arizona 1

Kansas 5

Oklahoma 1

Texas 3

Figure 4. People infected with listeria monocytogenes, by state of residence as of June 9, 2015.
Information retrieved from Centers for Diesease and Control and Prevention:
https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/ice-cream-03-15/map.html
Figure 5. Listeria monocytogenes infections that are linked to Blue Bell Creameries as of June 9, 2015.
Information retrieved from Centers for Diesease and Control and Prevention:
https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/ice-cream-03-15/epi.html

FDA. (2016). Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Blue Bell Creameries Products (Final Update). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/ice-cream-03-15/index.html.
 Voluntary recall:

● April 20, 2015

● All Blue Bell Products
○ Ice cream
○ Frozen yogurt
○ Sherbet
○ Frozen snacks

Announce recall after detecting

Listeria on Chocolate Chip Cookie
Dough Ice Cream

● March 17, 2015 - March 27, 2015

FDA. (2016). Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Blue Bell Creameries Products (Final Update). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/ice-cream-03-15/index.html.
Preventions
 Mexican Cucumber case
Technical

➔ Good Agricultural Practices

◆ Water analysis
◆ Hygienic workers
◆ Usage of animal manure reduced to minimum.
◆ Designated crop areas and storage to reduce cross contamination

➔ Proper refrigeration throughout the whole process.

➔ Pathogen test strips or 3rd party audit test
Behravesh, C. B., Ferraro, A., Deasy, M., Dato, V., Moll, M., Sandt, C., ... & Urdaneta, V. (2010). Human Salmonella infections linked to contaminated dry dog
and cat food, 2006–2008. Pediatrics, 126(3), 477-483.
World Health Organization. (2003). WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices [GACP] for medicinal plants. World Health Organization.
 Mexican Cucumber case
Logistics

● HARPC certificate
● Logbooks for hygienic procedures
done by workers
● Incentivations for workers to
perform HARPC tasks.

Gallant, A. (2015). you might have HACCP… But do you have HARPC.
 Blue Bell production facilities in
Blue Bell Creameries case
Brenham, Texas audit by Cdc
Blue Bell Creameries case Preventions
Aside from the ones mentioned before:

● Good manufacture practices

● Pasteurization of raw materials
● HARPC corrective action execution
● Proper infrastructure assessment
● Correct disinfection of surfaces (Observation 5)

Suggestions?

Product buyers?
References
FDA. (2016). FDA Investigated Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Poona Linked to Cucumbers. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from:
https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/Outbreaks/ucm461317.htm#relate

FDA. (2016). Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Blue Bell Creameries Products (Final Update). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from:
https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/ice-cream-03-15/index.html
Behravesh, C. B., Ferraro, A., Deasy, M., Dato, V., Moll, M., Sandt, C., ... & Urdaneta, V. (2010). Human Salmonella infections linked to contaminated
dry dog and cat food, 2006–2008. Pediatrics, 126(3), 477-483.

FDA. (s.f.). Bad Bug Book. Handbook of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins, 1-292. Obtenido de
https://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/foodsafety/foodborneillness/foodborneillnessfoodbornepathogensnaturaltoxins/badbugbook/ucm2
97627.pdf

Hanson, L. A. (10-11 de April de 2017). Bacterial Pathogenesis. Obtenido de Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:
http://www.fao.org/fi/static-media/MeetingDocuments/WorkshopAMR/presentations/08_Hanson.pdf

Lowy, F. (s.f.). Bacterial Classification, Structure and Function.

Peterson, J. W. (1996). Bacterial Pathogenesis. En J. W. Peterson, Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of
Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Obtenido de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8526/