Lipid Metabolic disorders

Dr.P.Mahalakshmi
Assistant professor
Department of Biotechnology
Guru Nanak college (Autonomous) Chennai-42
 FATTY LIVER

Fatty liver is also known as

hepatic steatosis. It happens
when fat builds up in the
liver. Having small amounts
of fat in your liver is
normal, but too much can
become a health problem.
Symptoms of fatty liver
• Cirrhosis may cause symptoms such as:
• loss of appetite
• weight loss
• weakness
• fatigue
• nosebleeds
• itchy skin
• yellow skin and eyes
• web-like clusters of blood vessels under your skin
• abdominal pain
• abdominal swelling
• swelling of your legs
• breast enlargement in men
• confusion
Causes of fatty liver
• One or more of the following factors may play a role:
• obesity
• high blood sugar
• insulin resistance
• high levels of fat, especially triglycerides, in your blood
• Less common causes include:
• pregnancy
• rapid weight loss
• some types of infections, such as hepatitis C
• side effects from some types of medications, such as methotrexate (Trexall), tamoxifen (Nolvadex), 
amiodorone (Pacerone), and valproic acid (Depakote)
• exposure to certain toxins
• Certain genes may also raise your risk of developing fatty liver.
Diagnosing of fatty liver
• To diagnose fatty liver, your doctor will take your medical history,
conduct a physical exam, and order one or more tests.
• Medical history
• Physical exam
• Blood tests
• Imaging studies
• Liver biopsy
Treatment for fatty liver
• limit or avoid alcohol
• take steps to lose weight
• make changes to your diet
• To treat cirrhosis, for example, they might prescribe:
• lifestyle changes
• medications
• surgery
• Cirrhosis can lead to liver failure. If you develop liver failure, you might
need a liver transplant.
Diet for fatty liver disease
• Eat a diet that’s rich in plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables,
legumes, and whole grains.
• Limit your consumption of refined carbohydrates, such as sweets,
white rice, white bread, other refined grain products.
• Limit your consumption of saturated fats, which are found in red meat
and many other animal products.
• Avoid trans fats, which are present in many processed snack foods.
• Avoid alcohol.
What is atherosclerosis?
• Atherosclerosis is a
narrowing of the arteries
caused by a buildup of
plaque. Arteries are the
blood vessels that carry
oxygen and nutrients from
your heart to the rest of
your body.
What causes atherosclerosis?
• The following are common causes of hardening of the arteries:
• High cholesterol
• Diet
• Aging
Who’s at risk for atherosclerosis?
• Family history
• Lack of exercise
• High blood pressure
• Smoking
• Diabetes
What are the symptoms of atherosclerosis?
• Common symptoms include:
• chest pain or angina
• pain in your leg, arm, and anywhere else that has a blocked artery
• shortness of breath
• fatigue
• confusion, which occurs if the blockage affects 
circulation to your brain
• muscle weakness in your legs from lack of circulation
 How is atherosclerosis diagnosed?
• They’ll check for:
• a weakened pulse
• an aneurysm, an abnormal bulging or widening of an artery due to weakness of the arterial wall
• slow wound healing, which indicates a restricted blood flow
• Tests can include:
• a blood test to check your cholesterol levels
• a Doppler ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create a picture of the artery that shows if there’s a blockage
• an ankle-brachial index (ABI), which looks for a blockage in your arms or legs by comparing the blood pressure in each
limb
• a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or a computed tomography angiography (CTA) to create pictures of the large
arteries in your body
• a cardiac angiogram, which is a type of chest X-ray that’s taken after your heart arteries are injected with radioactive dye
• an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), which measures the electrical activity in your heart to look for any areas of
decreased blood flow
• a stress test, or exercise tolerance test, which monitors your heart rate and blood pressure while you exercise on a
treadmill or stationary bicycle
 How is atherosclerosis treated?
• Medications
• Surgery
 What complications are associated with atherosclerosis?

• Atherosclerosis can cause:

• heart failure
• heart attack
• abnormal heart rhythm
• stroke
• death
• It’s also associated with the following diseases:
• Coronary artery disease (CAD)
• Carotid artery disease
• Peripheral artery disease
• Kidney disease
Which lifestyle changes help treat and
prevent atherosclerosis?
• Helpful lifestyle changes include:
• eating a healthy diet that’s low in saturated fat and cholesterol
• avoiding fatty foods
• adding fish to your diet twice per week
• getting at least 75 minutes of vigorous exercise or 150 minutes of moderate exercise
each week
• quitting smoking if you’re a smoker
• losing weight if you’re overweight or obese
• managing stress
• treating conditions associated with atherosclerosis, such as hypertension, high
cholesterol, and diabetes