THE HEART OF

RESEARCH
Data can be define as the quantitative or qualitative
value of a variables.
It is a lowest unit of information from which other
measurements and analysis can be done.
Data is one of the most important and vital aspect
of any research study.
 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE
COLLECTION OF DATA

Object and scope of the

inquiry.
Sources of information.
Quantitative expression.
Techniques of data collection.
Unit of collection.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SOURCES OF
DATA
Internal sources of data External sources of data
 PRIMARY DATA
Data that has been
collected from first-hand
experiences is known as
primary data.
Primary data has not been
changed or altered by human
being, therefore its
validity is greater than
secondary data.
 Direct
personal
investigation

Investigation Indirect oral

through investigation
Methods of
observation
collecting
primary data

Investigation
Investigation
through local
trough mailed
reporters
questionnaire
questionnaire
SECONDARY
DATA
 Secondary are those that have already
been collected by others.
 These are usually in journals,
periodicals, research publication,
official record etc.
 Secondary data may be available in the
published or unpublished form. When it
is not possible to collect the data by
primary method, the investigator go for
secondary method.
 This data collected for some purpose
other than the problem at hand.
METHOD OF COLLECTION SECONDARY DATA

international
Published sources
government

Municipal
corporation
Unpublished
sources institutional/
commercial
DIFFERENCE

Primary data Secondary data

• Real time data • Past data
• Sure about sources of • Less flexible
data • Not sure about of
• Help to give sources of data
results/finding • Refining the problem
• Costly and time • Cheap and no time
consuming consuming process
• More flexible