RESEARCH

PA 213 PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION

GROUP 9
MS. DEXIE MAE B. ALCAZAR
MS. RUCELL ANN T. GONZALES
MS. MARIELA T. JINON
MS. KEITH R. PAGULAYAN
MR. RONALD C. VILLAMORA
 1 Importance

2 Research Tasks

3 Definition

TOPICS OVERVIEW 4 Types of Social Research

5 Strands of Social Research

6 Methods and Tools Used

7 Information and Data Gathered

 8 Data Analysis

Data on the Mind and Heart of the

9
People

10 Preparing KASP Measuring Tool

TOPICS OVERVIEW
11 Steps in Developing a Research Tool

12 Research Process

Systematic Steps in Developing an

13
Evaluation Questionnaire
 RESEARCH
IMPORTANCE
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Acquire Knowledge Effectively Helps in Business Success

Helps in Problem – Discover and Seize

Solving Opportunities

Provides the Latest Information Introduces You to New Ideas

Builds Credibility Helps You to Reach People

Importance
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 RESEARCH
RESEARCH TASKS
RESEARCH TASKS
Involves several steps:

Developing a Topic Reading and Taking Notes

Coming up with a Research Plan Coming up with your Own Ideas

Finding Good Resources Reflecting on the Process

Research Tasks
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 RESEARCH
DEFINITION
What is Research?
Research is the careful consideration of a study
regarding a particular concern or research problem
using scientific methods. According to the American
sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a
systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and
control the observed phenomenon. It involves
inductive and deductive methods.”

Definition
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Inductive methods analyze an observed event,
while deductive methods verify the observed
event. Inductive approaches are associated with
qualitative research, and deductive methods are
more commonly associated with quantitative
analysis.

Definition
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 RESEARCH
TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
 What is Social Research?
Social research is the study of social
trends, dynamics and principles that
exist between individuals and within
societies.

Types of Social Research

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 TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

• is defined as a method to collect data • is an extremely informative source of

via open-ended and conversational data collection conducted via mediums
discussions such as surveys, polls, and
questionnaires.

Types of Social Research

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 TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Primary Research
• is conducted by the researchers
themselves. There are a list of questions
that a researcher intends to ask which
need to be customized according to the
target market.
Types of Social Research
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Secondary Research
• is a method where information has
already been collected by research
organizations or marketers. Newspapers,
online communities, reports, audio-visual
evidence etc. fall under the category of
secondary data.
 RESEARCH
METHODS AND TOOLS USED
METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Researchers often decide the best way to study a specific social trend, principle or dynamic using a
particular method.

Case Studies Focus Groups Structured Interviews Longitudinal Studies

Researchers may conduct Researchers may facilitate This method involves These types of studies follow
the interviews or focus groups to ask asking research the same individuals
observations for case participants about specific participants specific throughout a long course of
studies, or they may topics and record their questions to gather time, usually more than a few
analyze information that responses information relevant to the years, gathering specific data
already exists research question that relates to the study

Methods and Tools Used

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 METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Survey & Questionnaires
Asking many people the same
set of questions in order to
determine the statistical
proportions of the answers
given by people within the
testing group
Methods and Tools Used
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Correlation Studies
Researchers attempting to
generate correlations between
two socially related variables
using statistics
Delphi Method
Researchers take the quality
of the answers into account
throughout the study, but the
quantity of the mean also
allows the researchers to
generate conclusions
Triangulation Method
Seek to answer a research
question by combining
other studies that sought
to answer the same
question using different
methods
 RESEARCH
INFORMATION AND DATA
GATHERED
What is Data Collection?
is the process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic fashion that enables one
to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes

Information and Data Gathered

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TYPES OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

• This is the data type that is obtained • This is the second hand information
directly from first-hand sources which is which has already been collected by
gathered directly from respondent/ someone.
source.

Information and Data Gathered

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 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION IN PRIMARY
DATA

QUESTIONNAIRE INTERVIEW OBSERVATION FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION

Interview is an interactive It is a method of primary data

refer to the series of questions Observation is a
process between the collection in which a group of
in a written form in which the fundamental method of
interviewer and interviewee people is asked about their
respondent is supposed to fill picking up detailed
in the course of data perception, opinions, beliefs
in answers in response to a information about the
collection for a particular and altitudes towards the
given study subject being studied
study subject being studied

Information and Data Gathered

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 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION IN SECONDARY
DATA

DOCUMENTARY REVIEW

This method collects data on already published materials. It includes all data that have been
published by others

The main sources of data collection in documentary review include published resources such as
international publication, government publication, journals, official records and books

Information and Data Gathered

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY DATA

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

• It is a real time data • It is a past data

• It is costly and time consuming process
• It is more flexible
• it uses observation, questionnaires, focused
group discussion and interview in data
collection
• It is cheap and no time consuming process
• It is less flexible
• It uses documentary review method in its data
collection.

Information and Data Gathered

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 RESEARCH
DATA ANALYSIS
What is Data Analysis?
This is the process of inspecting, cleaning,
transforming, and modelling data with the goal
of highlighting useful information, suggesting
conclusions, and supporting decision making

Data Analysis
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DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS

This is the first process in data analysis that includes checking data consistency
DATA CLEANING and removal of erroneous data

The second stage in data analysis process that checks data quality using statistical
INITIAL DATA
and other methods, Analysing of extreme and missing observation, comparison
ANALYSIS and correction of differences in coding schemes.

MAIN DATA
List the research questions relevant to your problem.
ANALYSIS

Data Analysis
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 RESEARCH

DATA ON THE MIND AND THE

HEART OF THE PEOPLE
What is Interpretation?
is the process of explaining the results
found in the data analysis. It is the
process by which meaning is attached to
data that has been analysed

Data on the Mind and the Heart of the People

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Interpretation requires skill, imagination and
creativity by a researcher for him to interpret
the analysed data correctly. The process of
interpretation may quite often trigger off new
questions which in turn may lead to further
researches.

Data on the Mind and the Heart of the People

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 RESEARCH
PREPARING KASP MEASURING
TOOL
What does KASP stands for?
Kompetititive Allele Specific PCR
genotyping assays are based on competititve
allele-specific PCR and enable bi-allelic
scoring of single nucleotide polymorpjins
(SNPs) and insertions and deletions at
specific loci

Preparing KASP Measuring Tool

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The SNP-specific KASP Assay mix and
the universal KASP-TF Master Mix are
added to DNA samples, a thermal
cycling reaction is then performed,
followed by an end-point fluorescent
read.

Preparing KASP Measuring Tool

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 RESEARCH
STEPS IN DEVELOPING A RESEARCH
TOOL
STEP 1:
Choose your Research Topic

you have to come up with some ideas. Your thesis or

dissertation topic can start out very broad. Think about the
general area or field you’re interested in—maybe you already
have specific research interests based on classes you’ve
taken, or maybe you had to consider your topic when
applying to graduate school and writing a statement of
purpose.

Steps in Developing a Research Tool

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STEP 2:
Identify a Problem

So you’ve settled on a topic and found a niche—but what exactly

will your research investigate, and why does it matter? To give your
project focus and purpose, you have to define a research problem.
The problem might be a practical issue—for example, a process or
practice that isn’t working well, an area of concern in an
organization’s performance, or a difficulty faced by a specific group
of people in society.

Steps in Developing a Research Tool

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STEP 3:
Formulate Research Questions

Next, based on the problem statement, you need to

write one or more research questions. These target
exactly what you want to find out. They might focus
on describing, comparing, evaluating, or explaining
the research problem.

Steps in Developing a Research Tool

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STEP 4:
Create a Research Design

The research design is a practical framework for

answering your research questions. It involves making
decisions about the type of data you need, the methods
you’ll use to collect and analyze it, and the location and
timescale of your research

Steps in Developing a Research Tool

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STEP 5:
Write a Research Proposal

Finally, after completing these steps, you are

ready to complete a research proposal. The
proposal outlines the context, relevance, purpose,
and plan of your research

Steps in Developing a Research Tool

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 RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROCESS
STEP 1:
Identify the Research Question or Topic

Start by clearly defining the research

question or topic you want to explore. This
will help guide your research and focus your
efforts

Research Process
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STEP 2:
Conduct a Literature Review

Before starting your own research, it's important to

review existing literature and research on the topic.
This will help you understand what has already been
done, identify any gaps in knowledge, and build on
previous work

Research Process
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STEP 3:
Formulate a Hypothesis or Research
Objective

Based on your research question and literature

review, develop a hypothesis or research objective
that you want to test or explore

Research Process
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STEP 4:
Design the Research Study

Determine the research design and methodology that

will be most appropriate for your study. This may
involve selecting a sample population, choosing data
collection methods, and deciding on the data analysis
techniques you will use

Research Process
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STEP 5:
Collect Data

Collect the necessary data to answer your research

question or test your hypothesis. This can involve a
variety of methods such as surveys, interviews,
experiments, observations, or analyzing existing data
sets

Research Process
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STEP 6:
Analyze the Data

Once you have collected the data, analyze it using

appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis
techniques. This will help you draw meaningful
conclusions from your research

Research Process
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STEP 7:
Interpret the Results

Interpret the findings of your analysis and relate them

back to your research question or hypothesis.
Consider the implications of your results and discuss
any limitations or potential areas for further research.

Research Process
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STEP 8:
Communicate the Results

Finally, present your research findings in a clear and

concise manner. This can be done through academic
papers, presentations, reports, or other appropriate
formats

Research Process
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 RESEARCH
SYSTEMATIC STEPS IN DEVELOPING
AN EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE
STEP 1:
Define the Purpose

Clearly identify the purpose of the evaluation

questionnaire. Determine what specific
information or feedback you want to gather
from the respondents

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 2:
Identify the Target Audience

Determine who will be the respondents of the

questionnaire. This could be customers,
employees, participants of an event, etc.
Understanding your target audience will help
you tailor the questions accordingly

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 3:
Determine the Evaluation Criteria

Identify the key areas or criteria that you want

to evaluate. This could be the quality of a
product or service, customer satisfaction,
employee performance, event organization,
etc.

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 4:
Design the Questionnaire Structure

Decide on the structure of the questionnaire. You

can use a combination of open-ended and closed-
ended questions

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 5:
Create Specific Questions

Based on the evaluation criteria, create specific

questions that will help gather the desired
information. Ensure that the questions are clear,
concise, and easy to understand. Avoid leading or
biased questions

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 6:
Use a Rating Scale

If applicable, include a rating scale for respondents

to rate their satisfaction or agreement level.
Common rating scales include Likert scales (e.g.,
strongly agree to strongly disagree) or numerical
scales

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 7:
Include Demographic Questions

Consider including demographic questions to

gather additional information about the
respondents, such as age, gender, occupation, etc.
This data can be useful for analyzing the responses
based on different demographic groups

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 8:
Organize the Questions

Arrange the questions in a logical order. Start with

general questions and progress to more specific
ones. Group related questions together to maintain
flow and consistency

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 9:
Test the Questionnaire

Before finalizing the questionnaire, test it with a

small group of individuals who represent your
target audience. This will help identify any issues,
ambiguities, or improvements that need to be made

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 10:
Revise and Finalize

Based on the feedback received during testing, revise

and refine the questionnaire. Ensure that all questions
are clear, relevant, and aligned with the evaluation
purpose. Once finalized, proofread the questionnaire
for any spelling or grammatical errors

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 11:
Distribute the Questionnaire

Determine the method of distribution, whether it's

online surveys, paper-based forms, or in-person
interviews. Make sure to provide clear instructions
on how to complete the questionnaire

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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STEP 12:
Analyze and Interpret the Results

After collecting the responses, analyze and interpret

the data. Use appropriate statistical methods and
techniques to summarize the findings. Identify
trends, patterns, and areas for improvement based on
the evaluation criteria

Systematic Steps in Developing an Evaluation Questionnaire

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The primary goal of the research
is to guide action, gather evidence
for theories, and contribute to the
growth of knowledge in data
analysis
THANK YOU!