Question: What does program administration involve?

Answer: Program administration involves planning, coordinating, and managing activities to achieve
the goals of a specific program.

Q5: How do managers differ from leaders?

A5: Managers direct tasks, while leaders inspire and motivate. Managers focus on "how" and "when,"
while leaders focus on "what" and "why."

Q8: How can working with politicians be challenging and rewarding?

A8: Working with politicians requires building relationships, being socially astute, networking
effectively, and developing skills in writing, research, and public speaking.

Q: How can managers fight back against politicians?

A: Managers can expose lies, offer positive visions, demand accountability, and educate themselves
and others about resisting misinformation.

Q. What is the main difference between public and private management?

A: Public Management is dealing with or controlling the needs and interests of the “whole” Private
Management involves managing the narrow needs of an individual or a group.

Q: How does the traditional management model differ from modern management approaches?

Importance of Research: Helps you gain knowledge effectively. Aids in solving problems. Provides
up-to-date information. Builds credibility. Supports business success. Helps you discover
opportunities. Introduces new ideas. Connects you with people.

Research Tasks:
Develop a topic. Create a research plan. Find good resources. Read and take notes. Generate your
own ideas. Reflect on the process.

What is Research?
Research is carefully studying a topic using scientific methods. Involves inductive (observing) and
deductive (verifying) approaches. Inductive methods relate to qualitative research. Deductive
methods are linked to quantitative analysis.
Types of Social Research:

Social research studies social trends, dynamics, and principles.

Qualitative Research: Collects data through open discussions.
Quantitative Research: Uses surveys, polls, questionnaires.
Primary Research: Researchers gather data themselves.
Secondary Research: Uses data collected by others.
Methods and Tools Used:
Researchers choose methods to study social trends.

Case Studies: Interviews or analyzing existing data.

Focus Groups: Group discussions to gather opinions.
Structured Interviews: Specific questions for data.
Longitudinal Studies: Follows individuals over time.
Surveys & Questionnaires: Collects standardized data.
Correlation Studies: Examines relationships.
Delphi Method: Considers quality and quantity.
Triangulation Method: Combines multiple studies.

What is Social Research?

Social research is the study of social trends, dynamics, and principles that exist between individuals
and within societies.
a) Qualitative Research - is defined as a method to collect data via open-ended and conversational
discussions
b) Quantitative Research - is an extremely informative source of data collection conducted via
mediums such as surveys, polls, and questionnaires.
c) Primary Research - is conducted by the researchers themselves. There is a list of quest

Planning: Involves deciding what, when, how, and by whom tasks will be done. An intellectual process
that outlines objectives and develops action plans to achieve them.

Characteristics of Planning: Goal-oriented and must contribute to achieving predetermined

objectives. Primary function and foundation of management. All-pervasive and practiced at all
managerial levels. A mental exercise requiring imagination, foresight, and judgment. Continuous and
adaptable to changing circumstances. Involves making choices among alternative courses of action.
Forward-looking, preparing for the future and minimizing randomness. Flexible, considering
uncertainty and adjusting

Importance of Planning: Provides direction and informs employees about objectives. Reduces risks
by anticipating changes and effects. Reduces overlap and waste by organizing activities. Encourages
innovation and supports growth. Facilitates decision-making by evaluating alternatives.

Focus of Planning: Facilitates objective accomplishment. Ensures economical operations. Precedes

control and sets performance standards. Addresses future contingencies. Optimizes resource
utilization. Prerequisite for other managerial functions. Is pervasive across all managerial levels.
Coordinates activities for smooth functioning.
Concepts of Planning: Setting goals and defining objectives. Creating, allocating, and scheduling
tasks. Monitoring progress and evaluating results.
Features of a Good Plan: Clear, comprehensive, and flexible. Economical and establishes standards.
Balanced and practicable.

Types of Plans: Strategic Plans: Establish organization's direction and goals. Operational Plans: On-
going or single-use plans for day-to-day activities. Tactical Plans: Break down larger goals into
manageable tasks. Contingency Plans: Prepared for unexpected events or changes.
Hierarchy of Plans: Mission Goals/Objectives Strategy Policy Procedure Rules Program Budget
Project Plan: Comprehensive document outlining project scope, objectives, tasks, timelines,
resources, and strategies. Serves as a roadmap for project execution.

Planning the Project Budget: Define project scope and objectives. Identify tasks and activities.
Estimate resource requirements and costs. Consider contingency and review/approval. Create a
budget spreadsheet. Monitor expenses and manage changes. Document budget assumptions.

Question: What is the main purpose of planning?

Answer: Planning aims to define objectives, develop action strategies, and allocate resources to
achieve predetermined goals.

2. Question: How does planning help in reducing risks?

Answer: Planning allows organizations to anticipate changes and unpredictable effects, providing a
framework to deal with uncertain

Question: How does planning help in reducing risks?

Answer: Planning allows organizations to anticipate changes and unpredictable effects, providing a
framework to deal with uncertainties effectively.

Question: What is the significance of flexibility in planning?

Answer: Flexibility in planning enables adjustments to changing conditions and ensures that plans
remain relevant and adaptable.

Question: How does planning contribute to resource utilization?

Answer: Planning facilitates the optimal utilization of resources by aligning them with objectives and
ensuring economical and efficient operations.

Question: What are the key components of a project plan?

Answer: A project plan includes project scope, objectives, tasks, timelines, resource allocation, and
strategies for successful completion.

Question: How does a contingency plan benefit organizations?

Answer: Contingency plans provide a structured approach to handle unexpected events or changes,
ensuring that organizations can respond effectively and maintain continuity.

Question: What role does budgeting play in planning?

Answer: Budgeting allocates financial resources to various tasks, helping organizations monitor
expenses and make informed decisions throughout a project.
Questions: How does planning contribute to effective decision-making?
Answer: Planning involves evaluating various alternative courses of action, which enhances decision-
making by identifying the most viable options.

Questions What are the features of a good plan?

Answer: A good plan should be clear, comprehensive, flexible, economical, establish standards,
balance various aspects, and be practicable.
Questions: What is the relationship between planning and control?
Answer: Planning sets the standards and objectives, while control involves comparing actual
performance against those standards to ensure alignment.

Questions: How does planning impact an organization's coordination?

Answer: Planning promotes coordination by providing a structured framework that aligns the efforts
of various departments and individuals toward common goals.

Questions: Can you explain the difference between strategic and operational plans?
Answer: Strategic plans focus on long-term goals and direction, while operational plans involve day-
to-day tasks and activities required to achieve those goals.

Questions: Why is a contingency budget important in project planning?

Answer: A contingency budget accounts for unforeseen risks or changes and ensures that there are
resources available to handle unexpected situations.

Questions: How does planning enhance the efficiency of other managerial functions?
Answer: Planning provides a foundation for other functions like organizing, staffing, directing, and
controlling, making these tasks more effective and aligned.

Questions: How does planning enhance the efficiency of other managerial functions?
Answer: Planning provides a foundation for other functions like organizing, staffing, directing, and
controlling, making these tasks more effective and aligned.