SAMPLE HANDLING

Name And Matric Id:

Mugilan Subramaniam – 1012021020068
Musa bin Mohd Zainal - 1012021020028
Chong Jen Yong – 1012021020045
Akram Yussef Al-Hussain Bin Rushdy -
1012021020017

Subject : Clinical Sampling

Lecturer : Miss Leiza
 HOW TO
HANDLE
The first specimen is obtained 1-3 days after the onset of symptoms and tests
negative and the patient remains symptomatic without another diagnosis. A minimum
volume of 4 mL whole blood is preferable. For pediatric samples, a minimum of 1
mL whole blood should be collected in pediatric-sized collection tubes. Blood must
be collected in plastic collection tubes. Do not transport or ship specimens in glass
containers or in heparinized tubes.
 HOW TO TAKE A
SAMPLE

To do the lab, you'll need a microscope. A microscope that magnifies the object 100
times, or 100x, is needed to see the characteristics of plant and animal cells.
However, a microscope that magnifies up to 400x will help you get a bigger picture
and much nicer diagrams for your results.
You'll need samples of each of the cells needed. Animal cells can be obtained from
scraping your cheek gently with a toothpick and applying the cells to a microscope slide.
Animal cells need a small drop of iodine or methylene blue to be seen under the
microscope, with a coverslip placed on top. Once you have prepared your slides you'll
need to focus your microscope. Start with the lowest objective and bring the slide into
focus using the coarse adjustment knob. Then, increase the objective and focus it again
using the fine adjustment knob so as not to raise the slide too high. Continue like this
until the slide is focused at the highest power needed to see a single cell.
 HOW TO
COLLECT
SAMPLESS
-Blood samples – These are taken from a vein usually in the hand or arm using a
small needle. We always offer children and young people local anaesthetic cream or
cold spray before we take a blood sample.

-Urine (wee) samples – These are collected in a pot or tube while weeing. It is
important to wash between the legs first, then let a bit of wee out first, then start to
collect it.

-Faeces (poo) samples – This is collected by catching the poo in a container before it
goes in the toilet to be flushed away.
-Fluid (CSF) samples – CSF is the watery liquid that surrounds the brain and
spinal cord, acting as a cushion. A sample of CSF is collected using a procedure
called a lumbar puncture (LP). This involves inserting a needle into the space
between the backbones and letting some flow into a test tube.

-Bone marrow samples – Some bones in the body, such as the pelvis (hip) or
femur (thighbone) contain bone marrow inside them. Bone marrow is where
blood cells are formed as stem cells, before they turn into the type of blood cell
needed and released into the bloodstream. An aspirate is a liquid sample of bone
marrow but a trephine or biopsy is a core of bone marrow.

-Skin cells – Some infections can be collected from the skin using a swab (large
cotton bud) wiped on the area then put in a test tube to go to the laboratories. We
can also use a swab to collect samples from mucous membranes, such as up the
nose, inside the mouth or at the back of the throat.
 CHARACTERISTIC OF
SAMPLE VIRUS
BACTERIA

Characteristic of sample virus bacteria - There are three notable common traits of
bacteria, lack of membrane-bound organelles, unicellular and small (usually
microscopic) size. Not all prokaryotes are bacteria, some are archaea, which although
they share common physicals features to bacteria, are ancestrally different from
bacteria.
 EXAMPLE OF TEST
TAKEN

Example of test taken - Bacteria can be sampled from various areas of your body or
substances inside your body, depending on the type of infection suspected. The
different types are:

Blood culture: A blood culture checks for systemic infection throughout your entire
body, such as sepsis. A healthcare provider collects the blood sample from a vein,
usually in your arm. Blood cultures are rarely done on outpatients and should be
repeated at regular intervals.
 CULTURIN
G

Culturing - Viral culture is a laboratory technique in which samples of a virus are

placed to different cell lines which the virus being tested for its ability to infect. If the
cells show changes, known as cytopathic effects, then the culture is positive.
 MICROSCOPE USED FOR ANIMAL
CELLS
Two types of electron microscopy—transmission and scanning—are widely used to
study cells. In principle, transmission electron microscopy is similar to the
observation of stained cells with the bright-field light microscope. Specimens to be
examined by transmission electron microscopy can be prepared by either positive or
negative staining. In positive staining, tissue specimens are cut into thin sections and
stained with heavy metal salts that react with lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
 CONCLUSION

Viruses are utilizing bacterial components to enter target cells,

while bacteria capitalize on the destructive nature of virus
replication to gain footholds into previously inaccessible
regions.
THANK
YOU