MATRICES

MATRICES
MATRICES

MULTIPLICATION OF
TWO MATRICES
 MATRICES
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
 We say,matrices A & B are conformable If for
we multiplication
observe the
if the number of columns in A is equal order
to theofnumber
A and Bof
rows in B.
 Let A=[aij]m×n and B=[bjk]n×p be two matrices.
Then the Matrix where C=[cik]m×p is called the product of
A and B
𝒏
How will we
𝒄 𝒊𝒌= ∑ 𝒂𝒊𝒋 𝒃 𝒋𝒌 get this
𝒋 =𝟏 matrix?

 It is denoted by AB.
MATRICES

1 2 3 1 2 3 4
e.g. If A= B= 2 0 1 2
3 2 1
2x3 1 3 4 0 3x4

1+4+3 2+0+9 3+2+12 4+4+0

AB=
3+4+1 6+0+3 9+2+4 12+4+0
8 11 17 8
AB=
8 9 15 16
MATRICES
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

 If the product AB exists, it is not necessary that

No. of rows in A=
the product BA will also exist. 2 No. of rows in B= 2
No. of columns in 2 columns in B= 3
A=of
No.
e.g. Then the No. of columns in A
2 1 order 3of A 0 = No. of rows in B
2 is…
Let A= and B=
1 3 1 0 4
x x
Then the order
of B is…
MATRICES
Now AB= 2 1 3 2 0
1 3 1 0 4

2×3+ 1×1 2×2+ 1×0 2×0+ 1×4

=
1×3+ 3×1 1×2+ 3×0 1×0+ 3×4
Here,
columns
7 4 4
= in BDoes
≠ BA
6 2 12 rows inexist?
A
No. of columns in B = 3
No. of rows in A = 2
 BA does not exist.
MATRICES
AB exists and BA does not exist.
 Even ifIf AB
we observe
and BAthe
exist, they need not be of equal
order. previous problem But this is
That means if AB
e.g. not always
exists, BA may or may
true
not exist
2 3
Let A= 4 5 And B= 6 7 8
9 10 11 2x3
6 7 3x2

then AB of order 3x3

and BA of order 2x2 exist but not equal.
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 Even AB and BA are of same order, they need not be
equal.
Observe here AB
2 3 0 4
e.g. Let A= and BA are
and B= of
1 2 same order-1 2

2 3 But
0 they
4 -3 14
are
Now, AB= =
1 not equal -2 8
2 -1 2 2x2

0 4 2 3 4 8
Now, BA= =
-1 2 1 2 0 1
2x2
Hence, Matrix multiplication is not commutative.
MATRICES
 Matrix multiplication is associative. i.e., if
conformability is assured for the matrices A, B and C

(AB)C=A(BC)

 Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix

addition
i.e.., If conformability is assured for the matrices
A, B and C

A(B+C)=AB+AC and (B+C)A=BA+CA

MATRICES
 If AB=0, it is not necessary that either A=0 or B=0

1 0 0 0
e.g. Let A= and B=
2 0 3 4

1 0 0 0
AB =
2 0 3 4

0 0
= =O
0 0

Here AB=0 but A≠0 and B ≠0

MATRICES
If AB=AC it is not necessary that B=C

1 0 0 0 0 0
A= B= C=
2 0 3 4 5 6

0 0 0 0 0 0
AB = = =O
5 6 5 6 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0
AC = = =O
2 0 5 6 0 0

Here, AB=AC but B≠C

MATRICES

MCQS
1)Multiplication of two matrices A and B is possible when__
1) Number of rows in A=Number of rows in B

2) Number of columns in A=Number of columns in B

3) Number of columns in A=Number of rows in B

4) None
MATRICES

3 1
2 3 5
2) A= , B= 1 0 then AB=?
4 1 2
2 1
19 7 19 7
1) 3)
17 5 16 6

19 7 18 7
2) 4)
17 6 16 6
MATRICES

3 1 2 3 5
3) A= 1 0 , B= 4 1 2 then AB=?
2 1 1 0 1
7 10
11 10
1) 3) 5 0
2 6
2 1
18 7
2) AB is not possible 4)
16 6
MATRICES

EXERCISE 3.2
VERY SHORT ANSWER
PROBLEMS
MATRICES
2) If A= and B= then find AB and BA Does AB
exist or
So, AB
Solution not? Let us
exists
check
No. of columns in A = 2

No. of rows in B = 2

Now AB= 2 3 0 4
1 2 -1 2

2×0+ 3×-1 2×4+ 3×2

= =
1×0+ 2×-1 1×4+ 2×2
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No. of columns in B = Does BA
2 So, BA
exist or not?
No. of rows in A = 2 exists
Let us check

Now BA= 0 4 2 3
-1 2 1 2

0×2+ 4×1 0×3+ 4×2

=
-1×2+ 2×1 -1×3 + 2×2

=
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3) Find A2 If A=
It can be
written as
Solution

A2= A×A= 4 2 4 2
-1 1 -1 1

4×4+ 2×-1 4×2+ 2×1

=
-1×4+ 1×-1 -1×2 + 1×1

=
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4) If A= then find A4?
This is a
It can be
unit matrix
written as
Solution
A= =3
= 3I

[ ]
1 0 0
 A4 = 34I = 81I = 81 0 1 0
0 0 1

[ ]
81 0 0
¿ 0 81 0
0 0 81
 MATRICES
5) If A = and A2 = O, find k?
What is the
given
 =
Solution: A2 = O  AA=O condition?
By equating
2×2+4×-1 2×4+4×kcorresponding
 =
It can be elements
-1×2+k×-1 -1×4×k×k
written as
0 8+4k
 =
-2-k -4+k2

 8+4k = 0  k = -2
MATRICES

EXERCISE 3.2
SHORT ANSWER PROBLEMS
MATRICES
We have to
find AB & What do
1) If A=, B= Does AB
BA we find
exist?
first?
then examine whether A and B commute
with respect to multiplication of matrices.

Solution
No. of columns in A=3 Yes AB
exists
No. of rows in B=3
MATRICES
AB=

1×1+ -2×0+ 3×1 1×0+ -2×1 + 3×2 1×2 + -2×2 + 3×0

= 2×1 + 3×0 + -1×1 2×0 + 3×1 + -1×2 2×2 + 3×2 + -1×0
-3×1+ 1×0 + 2×1 -3×0 +1×1+ 2×2 -3×2 + 1×2 + 2×0

4 4 -2
= 1 1 10
-1 5 -4
MATRICES
No. of columns in B=3 BA=

No. of rows in A=3

1×1+ 0×2+ 2×-3 1×-2+ 0×3+ 2×1 1×3 + 0×-1 + 2×2

= 0×1+1×2 + 2×-3 0×-2 + 1×3 + 2×1 0×3 + 1×-1 + 2×2
1×1+2×2 + 0×-3 1×-2 + 2×3 +0×1 1×3+ 2×-1 + 0×2
-5 0 7
BA= -4 5 3
5 4 1
MATRICES
Observe the
4 4 -2 -5 0 7
Write down the results of results AB
NOand
AB= 1 1 10 AB &BA=
BA -4 5 3 BA. Are they
equal?
-1 5 -4 5 4 1

AB≠BA

So A,B do not commute with respect to multiplication

MATRICES
3) If I=, E= then show that
By(aI+bE)
adding3
= a3I+3a2bE
corresponding
Solution: L.H.S. = (aI+bE)
3 elements
Firstly, we
aI+bE= a +b = + simplify L.H.S
For this we
calculate aI+bE
=
first
By scalar
[ ][
a b a b
(aI+bEmultiplication
)2
=
0 a 0 a ]
a2+0 ab+ab =
= 0+0 0+a2
MATRICES
(aI+bE)3= (aI+bE)(aI+bE)2 If we
And then
observe
calculate the the
= = L.H.S=R.H.S
=
It can be value of R.H.Sof
values
written as L.H.S &
R.H.S. = R.H.S

a I+3a bE= a
3 2
𝟑
[ 1
0
0
1 ] [ ]
𝟐
+3 a b
0
0
1
0

[
a𝟑
] [0 0 ]
𝟐
0 0 3a b
¿ +
0 a𝟑

[ ]
𝟑 𝟐
a 3a b
¿
0 a𝟑
(aI+bE)3 = a3I+3a2bE
MATRICES
4) If  -=/2, show that
What is the
cos 
2 cossin cos2 cossin
given =0
cossin sin2condition?
cossin sin2
Apply ‘cos’
Solution on both sides
- = /2
cos(-) = cos[/2]

cos(-) = 0
MATRICES
cos2 cossin cos2 cossin
L.H.S =
cossin sin2 cossin sin2

cos2cos2 +cossincossin cos2cossin +cossinsin2

Apply CosACosB+
= cossincos2
+sin2
Takecossin
SinASinB=Cos(A-B) Take
cossincossin +sin2 sin2 
‘coscos’ ‘cossin’ as
Take
as common common
Take ‘sinsin’ as
coscos(coscos+sinsin) cossin(coscos+sinsin)
‘sincos’ as common
= sincos(coscos+sinsin) sinsin(coscos+sinsin)
common
MATRICES
coscoscos(-) cossincos(-)
We know that
= sincoscos(-) sincoscos(-) cos(-)=0

coscos.0 coscos.0
= sincos .0 sincos .0

= =0 =R.H.S

L.H.S = R.H.S
MATRICES
5.i) If A= then show that A2-4A-5I = 0
We have to
calculate A2, 4A,
5I separately
Solution
A2=

1×1+ 2×2+ 2×2 1×2+ 2×1+ 2×2 1×2 + 2×2+ 2×1

= 2×1+1×2 + 2×2 2×2 + 1×1+ 2×2 2×2 + 1×2 + 2×1
2×1+2×2 + 1×2 2×2 + 2×1+1×2 2×2 + 2×2 + 1×0
MATRICES
=

[ ]
9 8 8
¿ 8 9 8
8 8 9

[ ]
1 2 2 4 8 8
4A¿ 4 2 1 2 = 8 4 8
2 2 1
8 8 4
MATRICES

[ ]
1 0 0
Substitute A2, 4A, 5I
5I ¿ 5 0 1 0
in the given L.H.S
0 0 1

5 0 0
= 0 5 0
0 0 5
MATRICES

A2-4A-5I

=
Subtract
corresponding
elements

[ ]
0 0 0
¿ 0 0 0 = 0 = R.H.S
0 0 0
MATRICES

EXERCISE 3.2
LONG ANSWER PROBLEMS
MATRICES

1) If A=, then show that An= for all

positive integers n

Solution
To prove this,
we use
Let S(n) be the given statement
“Mathematical
S(n): An= Induction’’
MATRICES
If n=1
InGomathematical
Among for those…
Step 2
A1= Induction
STEP
i.e 1 iswe
Inductive
have 3 steps
verification
hypothesis
A =
[ 3
1
−4
−1 ]
S(1) is true

Assume that S(K) is true

Ak=
MATRICES
Now AGo
k+1
=A.A k
=
for Step 1[ ][
3 −4 1+2 k −4 k
3 −1 k 1−2 k ]
It i.e
can be
written
[
Generalization 3+6 k −4 k −12 k −4+8 k
¿ as
1+2 k − k −4 k −1+2 k ]
¿
[ 1+ k −2 k −1 ]
3+2 k −4 k −4

¿ [ 1+2+2 k
k +1
−4( k +1)
1−2−2 k ]
MATRICES

¿
[ 1+2( k +1) −4( k +1)
k +1 1−2( k +1) ]
S(K+1) is true

By Principle of finite mathematical induction S(n) is

true nN

An=
MATRICES
2) If A=, then show that An= for
InAmong
all positive integers mathematical
n those..
Induction
STEP 1 iswe
To prove this have 3 steps
verification
Solution we use
“Mathematical
Let S(n) be the given statement
Induction”
S(n): An =

If n=1
MATRICES
A1 = =
=AGo for
Go for Step
Step 32
i.e Inductive
i.e
S(1) is true hypothesis
Generalization

Assume that S(K) is true

 Ak It
= can be
written as

Now Ak+1 = AkA =[ cosk θ

−sink θ []
sink θ cos θ
cosk θ −sin θ
sin θ
cos θ ]
MATRICES
coskcos-sinksin cosksin+sinkcos
=
-sinkcos-cosksin -sinksin+coskcos
CosACosB-SinASinB=Cos(A+B) SinACosB+CosASinB=Sin(A+B)
sinAcosB+cosAsinB=Sin(A+B)
Take ‘-’ as common CosACosB-SinASinB=Cos(A+B)
cos(k+ ) sin(k+ )
Take ‘’
= -[sinkcos+cosksin] cos(k+ )
as common

cos(k+ ) sin(k+ )
= -sin(k+ ) cos(k+ )

=
MATRICES
S(K+1) is true
By Principle of Mathematical Induction S(n) is true
for all nN

An= nN
MATRICES

Thank you…