MATRICES

MATRICES
MATRICES

MINOR ,COFACTOR OF AN
ELEMENT, DETERMINANT OF
2X2 AND 3X3 MATRICES.
 MATRICES
DETERMINANTS

Determinant of 2×2 matrix

a b
If A= then the number ad-bc is called determinant of A.
c d
a ab b
It is denoted by detA
Compare or |A|
this withor
c cd d
5 6
e.g: =(5x2) -(6x3) = 10 - 18 = -8
3 2
Now, the determinant = ad-bc
MATRICES
MINOR OFBefore the
AN ELEMENT
definition of 3x3
The minor of an element in the matrix is defined as the
determinant we
determinant of the 2×2 matrix, obtained after deleting row
discuss some
and the column in which the element is present.
definitions
Minor of an element is denoted Mij
e.g.

Consider a square matrix

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
MATRICES
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

The minor of a2 is the det of

b1 c1
=b1c3 – b3c1
b3 c3
and the minor of b3 is the det. of
a1 c1
=a1c2 – a2c1
a2 c2
MATRICES
COFACTOR OF AN ELEMENT
Cofactor of an element in the ith row and the jth column

of a 3×3 matrix is defined as the product of (-1)i+j

and the minor of aij

Cofactor of an element Aij= (-1)i+j Mij
MATRICES
e.g. a1 b1 c1
Consider a square matrix a2 ‘i’b2indicates
c2 row number
Here position a‘j’ indicates
c column number
3 b
Here i=2, 3j=1 3
of a2 is a21
Cofactor of an element = (-1)i+j. minor of that element

Cofactor of a2= (-1)2+1 . minor of a2

= (-1)3. (b1c3-b3c1)

=We
-(b1know
c3-b3chow
1)
to find minor of
=ban3c1element
-b1c3
MATRICES
a1 b1 c1
Here position
Let a2 b2 c2 Here i=3, j=2
‘i’ of
indicates
b3 is b32row number
A= a3 b3 c3 ‘j’ indicates column number
Cofactor of an element = (-1)i+j. minor of that element
Cofactor of b3= (-1)3+2 . minor of b3
= (-1)5. (a1c2-a2c1)

= -(a1c2-a2c1)
We know how
to=find
a2c1minor
-a1c2 of
an element
MATRICES
DETERMINANT OF 3X3 MATRIX
The sum of the products of elements of a row with their
corresponding cofactors is called determinant of that
matrix.

The determinant of matrix

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 is written as a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
MATRICES
a1 b1 c 1
Let A= a2 b2 c 2
a3 b3 c 3

a1 b1 c1 We know how to
Now detA= a2 b2 c2 calculate
a3 b3 c3 cofactor of an
element
det A=a1A1+b1B1+c1C1
Here, A1, B1, C1 are the cofactors of a1, b1, c1
MATRICES
Let A=[aij]nxn ,then the determinant of A is defined as

∑ a ij A ij ,
j =1

Where Aij is the cofactor of aij

MATRICES
Find the determinant of A=
Let us see
an example

Solution We know the How do we find

How do we cofactor of ‘-2’?
definition
det A= sumfind
of the of
products of elements of the first row
cofactor
determinant
with their corresponding
of ‘1’ cofactors .

= 1(cofactor of 1)+0(cofactor of 0) +(-2) cofactor of (-2)

Position of element ‘-2’ is a13
Position of element ‘1’ is a11

= 1(-1)1+1.minor of 1 + 0 + (-2).(-1)1+3.minor of (-2)

MATRICES

( )
-1 2
1 0 −2
=1 +(-2) 3 -1
5 6 4 5 3 −1 2
4 5 6
= 1(-16)+(-2)(19)
For this we use
= -16-38 = ad-bc
= - 54
MATRICES
NOTE In another way we
also find the
 The definition of the determinant is formulated
determinant i.e., by
using the elements of the first row and the
corresponding cofactors only.

 The sum of the products of the elements of any row or

any column of a square matrix with their
corresponding cofactors is called Determinant.
In mathematical
form it is denoted as
MATRICES
n

detA= aA ij ij for 1  i  n

j=1

 Here the sum on the right hand side is independent of

i.
MATRICES
a1 b1 c1
By which row
If A= a2 b2 c2 do we expand
a3 b3 c3 Which
here?Which
Which row
Which row
Observe that detA=a1A1+b1B1+c1C1 expansion column
column
along first row
detA=a2A2+b B2+c
If2we 2C2 expansion
expand by along the second row
detA=a3Aany row or column,
3+b3B3+c3C3 expansion along the third row
is the final result
detA=a1A1+asame
2A2+a3or expansion along the first column
A3 not?
expansion along the second column
detA=b1B1+b2B2+b3B3yes,
detA=c1C1+c2C2+c3Let see…
C3 expansion along the third column
MATRICES
For instance, consider
Cofactor of a1 of a2 of a3
Cofactor
Cofactor Expansion along
a A +a A +a A first column
1 1 2 2 3 3

b2 c 2 b1 c 1 b1 c1
=a1 (-1)1+1 +a2 (-1)2+1 +a3 (-1)3+1
It
bis is cnothing but b c3 b2 c2
It 3 nothing
It is nothing 3
but but 3
cofactor of b1
cofactor
=a1 (b2ccofactor
3-b3c2) -aof 2 (ba
of3-b
1c
c13c1) +a3 (b1c2-b2c1)
1

=a1 (b2c3-b3c2) -a2b1c3+a2b3c1 +a3b1c2-a3b2c1

=a1 (b2c3-b3c2) -b1 (a2c3-a3c2) +c1 (a2b3-a3b2)
Take
Take‘-b‘c1’1’
=a1 A1 +b
as
as1 B1+c1 C1
common
common
=det A
MATRICES

1) If A=
4 5
, find determinant of A?
MCQS
-6 2

1) -22

2) 38

3) 8

4) 30
MATRICES
2 -1 4
2) If A= 0 -2 5 , what is the minor of -1 ?
-3 1 3
1) -4

2) 10

3) 15

4) -6
MATRICES
1 0 -2
3) If A= 3 -1 2 , what is the determinant of A?
4 5 6
1) -34

2) 22

3) 54

4) -54
MATRICES

PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
MATRICES
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

Property 1
If every element of a row (or column) of a square matrix is
0, then the determinant of that matrix is 0.
e.g. 0 0 0
Let A= 1 2 3
7 8 9
detA = 0.cofactor of 0 + 0.cofactor of 0 + 0.cofactor of 0

detA = 0
MATRICES
Property 2
The sign of the determinant of a square matrix changes if
any two rows or Interchanging
columns in the matrix are
interchanged. R2 & R3
a1 b1 c1
Let A= a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

a1 b1 c1
B= a3 b3 c3
a2 b2 c2
MATRICES
detA= a1 (b2c3-b3c2) -b1 (a2c3-a3c2) +c1 (a2b3-a3b2)
=a1b2c3 -a1b3c2 -a2b1c3 +a3b1c2 +a2b3c1 -a3b2c1
detB= a1 (b3c2-b2c3) -b1 (a3c2-a2c3) +c1 (a3b2-a2b3)
=a1b3c2 -a1b2c3 -a3b1c2 +a2b1c3 +a3b2c1 -a2b3c1
=-det A
 MATRICES
Property 3
If two rows (or columns) of a square matrix are identical,
then the value of the determinant of that matrix is zero

a1 b1 c1
Let A= a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
detA= a1 (b1c2-b2c1) -b1 (a1c2-a2c1) +c1 (a1b2-a2b1)
=a1b1c2 -a1b2c1 -a1b1c2 +a2b1c1 +a1b2c1 -a2b1c1

det A=0
MATRICES
Property 4
If all the elements of a row (or a column) of a square
matrix are multiplied by a number k, then the value of the
determinant of the matrix obtained is k times the
determinant of the given matrix
MATRICES
a1 b1 c1 ka1 b1 c1
Let A= a2 b2 c2 B= ka2If b
we multiply with
2 c
all the 2elements of
a3 b3 c3 ka3 b3 c3
first column with k
detA= a1 (b2c3-b3c2) -b1 (a2c3-a3c2) +c1 (a2b3-a3b2)
=a1b2c3 -a1b3c2 -a2b1c3 +a3b1c2 +a2b3c1 -a3b2c1
detB= ka1 (b2c3-b3c2) -b1 (ka2c3-ka3c2) +c1 (ka2b3-ka3b2)
=ka1b2c3 -ka1b3c2 -ka2b1c3 +ka3b1c2 +ka2b3c1 -ka3b2c1
=k(a1b2c3-a1b3c2-a2b1c3+a3b1c2+a2b3c1-a3b2c1)
=k detA
MATRICES
Property 5
If each element in a row ( or column)
Here, first of a square matrix is
It can be expressed as
the sum of two numbers, column
its determinant
is sum can be expressed
two matrices, those are
as the sum of the determinants of of
twotwo square matrices.
a1+x1 b1 numbers
c1
Let A= a2+x2 b2 c2
a3+x3 b3 c3

a1 b1 c1 x1 b1 c1
B= a2 b2 c2 C= x2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 x3 b3 c3
MATRICES
detA= (a1+x1) (b2c3-b3c2) -(a2+x2) (b1c3-b3c1) +(a3+x3) (b1c2-b2c1)

= a1 (b2c3-b3c2) +x1 (b2c3-b3c2) -a2 (b1c3-b3c1)

-x2 (b1c3-b3c1) +a3 (b1c2-b2c1) +x3 (b1c2-b2c1)
= a1 (b2c3-b3c2) +a3 (b1c2-b2c1) -a2 (b1c3-b3c1)
+x1 (b2c3-b3c2) -x2 (b1c3-b3c1) +x3 (b1c2-b2c1)
It is nothing
detA= detB+ detC It is but detB
nothing
but detC
MATRICES
Property 6Clearly
Isitit upper
is upperIf we expand
The determinanttriangular or
of a triangular matrix is the product of
triangular along first
the elements of the lower
principal diagonal of the matrix.
column
triangular?
e.g. p a b It may be
lower
0 q c =p(qr-0) or =pqr
+0 +0
upper
0 0 r
It is nothing
Property 7 but
If A and B are two matrices of same order, then
det(AB)=detA . detB
MATRICES
SINGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be a singular matrix if det A =0
e.g. 2 5
4 10
2 5
4 10

= 20 - 20

=0

It is a singular matrix
MATRICES
NON SINGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be a non singular matrix if
det A is not equal to zero

e.g. Let A=

3 4
detA=
2 6
= 18 - 8
= 10  0
It is a non singular matrix
MATRICES

MCQS
1) A square matrix A is said to be singular if____
1) det A ≠ 0

2) det A = 0

3) det A = 1

4) det A ≠ 1
MATRICES

2) Which of the following is true?

MCQS
1) If 2 rows of a square matrix are identical, the value of
det=0
2) If 2 columns of a square matrix are identical, the value
of det=0
3) If every element of a row is zero, the value of det=0

4) All the above

MATRICES

MCQS
3) A square matrix is said to be non-singular if___
1) det A ≠ 0

2) det A = 0

3) det A = 1

4) det A ≠ 1
MATRICES

Thank you…