Matrix

Md. Aktar Kamal

Assistant Professor of Management
FBS,BUP
 Matrix
 Addition
/ Subtraction / Multiplication:
Book- Bowen (Page-109)

(19). Given the following matrices

 6 7  5 1 9   12 7 15 
A=  4  2 B=   C =   D=  
   6 0  11 
1 8 
11 2  10 24 8 

Find (a) 6A – 5B (b) -3C + 2D (c) AC + BD (d) CA + BD

 Matrix
(20). Given the following matrices

  6 7 11   20 15 5  0  6 2   5 8  7
     
1 12 2  
A= 

B=  6 8 10  C=  4  7 4  D= 6 3 2 
 10  4  8    4 3  1  6 0  5 15 12  4 
     

Find (a) 3A - 2B (b) -4C + 5D (c) AC + BD (d) CA + DB

 The Determinant of a Matrix
• The determinant of a matrix A is commonly
denoted by |A| or det A.
• Determinants exist only for square matrices.
• They are a matrix characteristic (that can be
somewhat tedious to compute).
 The Determinant
for a 2x2 Matrix
• If we have a matrix A such that
A   a11 a12 
a21 a22 
then
A = a11a22 - a12a21
For example, the determinant of

A  1 2 
3 4 
is A = 1 2  = a11a22 - a12 a21   1   4  -  2   3  = -2
3 4 

Determinants for 2x2 matrices are easy!

 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
• If we have a matrix A such that
 a11 a12 a13 
A   a21 a22 a23 
 a31 a32 a33 

Then the determinant is
a22 a23 a a23 a a22
det A = A = a11 - a12 21 + a13 21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32

which can be expanded and rewritten as

det A = A = a11a22a33 - a11a23a32 + a12a23a31
- a12 a21a33 + a13a21a32 - a13a22 a31
 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
If we rewrite the determinants for each of the
2x2 submatrices in
a22 a23 a a23 a a22
det A = A = a11 - a12 21 + a13 21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32

as a22 a23
=a22 a33 - a 23 a32 ,
a32 a33
a21 a23
=a21a33 - a23a31 , and
a31 a33
a21 a22
=a21a32 - a22 a 31
a31 a32

by substitution we have
A = a11a22 a33 - a11a23a32 + a12a23a31 - a12a21a33 + a13a21a32 - a13a 22a 31
 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
Note that if we have a matrix A such that
 a11 a12 a13 
A   a21 a22 a23 
 a31 a32 a33 

Then |A| can also be written as
a22 a23 a a23 a a22
det A = A = a11 - a12 21 + a13 21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
or a12 a13 a a23 a a12
det A = A = -a21 + a22 11 - a23 11
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
or
a12 a13 a a13
det A = A = a31 - a32 11 + a 33 a11 a12
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
To do so first create a matrix of the same
dimensions as A consisting only of
alternating signs (+,-,+,…)

+ - +
- + -
+ - +
 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
Then expand on any row or column (i.e., multiply each element in the
selected row/column by the corresponding sign, then multiply each of
these results by the determinant of the submatrix that results from
elimination of the row and column to which the element belongs
For example, let’s expand on the second column

 a11 a12 a13 

A   a21 a22 a23 
 a31 a32 a33 

 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
The three elements on which our expansion
is based will be a12, a22, and a32. The
corresponding signs are -, +, -.
+ - +
- + -
+ - +
 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
So for the first term of our expansion we will multiply -a12 by
the determinant of the matrix formed when row 1 and
column 2 are eliminated from A (called the minor and often
denoted Arc where r and c are the deleted rows and columns):

 a11 a12 a13 

a a23 
A  a21 a22 a23  so A12   21
a31 a31 a33 
 a32 a33 
which gives us a21 a23
-a12
a31 a33

This product is called a cofactor.

 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
For the second term of our expansion we will
multiply a22 by the determinant of the matrix
formed when row 2 and column 2 are eliminated
from A:

 a11 a12 a13 

a a13
A   a21 a22 a23  so A 22  11
 a31 a31 a33
 a32 a33 

which gives us
a11 a13
a22
a31 a33
 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
Finally, for the third term of our expansion we will
multiply -a32 by the determinant of the matrix formed
when row 3 and column 2 are eliminated from A:

 a11 a12 a13 

a11 a13
A   a21 a22 
a23 so A 22 
 a31 a21 a23
 a32 a33 

which gives us
a11 a13
-a32
a21 a23
 The Determinant
for a 3x3 Matrix
Putting this all together yields
a21 a23 a a13 a a13
det A = A = -a12 + a22 11 - a32 11
a31 a33 a31 a33 a21 a23

So there are nine distinct ways to calculate

the determinant of a 3x3 matrix! These can
be expressed as
m n
det A = A =  aij  -1 A ij =  aij  -1
i+j i+j
A ij
j=1 i=1

Note that this is referred to as the method of

cofactors and can be used to find the
determinant of any square matrix.
The Determinant for a 3x3 Matrix – An
Example
Suppose we have the following matrix A:
1 2 3 
A = 2 5 4 
1 -3 -2 

Using row 1 (i.e., i=1), the determinant is:

m
det A = A =  a1j  -1
1+j
A1j  1(2)  2( 8)  3( 11)  15
j=1

Note that this is the same result we would

achieve using any other row or column!
 Matrix
• CO-FACTORS OF A MATRIX
 3 4 7 
 
Problem: If A=   2 5 6  Find the co-factors of elements of 6 and - 9.
 7 3  9
 
 3 4
Solution : The co-factor of 6 i.e.A23 =(-1) 2+3   = -1( 9 – 28 )=19
 7 3 
 3 4
And the cofactor of -9 i.e. A33 = (-1) 3+3   = 15 +8 = 23 .
  2 5 
,
• ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
1 1 1 
 
Problem: Find the adjoint of the matrix and verify the theorem A=  1 2  3
 2 1 3 
 
A(AdjA) = (AdjA)A = A I 3
 Matrix
The co-factor of A are
 2  3  1  3
A11 =(-1) 1+1   = 6 -3 = 3 A12 =(-1) 1+2   = - (3+6) = - 9
1 3  2 3 

1 2   1 1
A13 =(-1) 1+3   = (-1- 4) = - 5 A21 =(-1) 2+1   = - (3+1) = - 4
 2 1    1 3
 1 1 1 1 
  = (3- 2) = 1 A23 =(-1)2+3   = - (-1-2) = 3
A22 =(-1)2+2
 2 3  2 1
1 1  1 1 
  = (-3-2) = - 5 A32 =(-1) 3+2   = - (-3-1) = 4
A31=(-1)3+1  1  3 
 2  3
1 1 
A33 =(-1) 3+3
 = (2-1) = 1
1 2 
 Matrix
t
 3  4  5
 3  9  5  
    9 1 4 
Adj A =   4 1 3  = 
5 4   5 3 1 
 1 

1 1 1   3  4  5  3  9  5  4 1 3  5  4 1 
     
L.H.S. A(AdjA) =  1 2  3    9 1 4  =  3  18  15  4  2  9  5  8  3 
2 1 3    5 3 1   6  9  15  8  1  9  10  4  3 
    

  11 0 0  1 0 0
   
=  0  11 0  = -11 
0 1 0  = -11 I3
 0 
 0  11  0 0 1
 3  4  5  1 1 1   3  4  10 385 3  12  15 
     
  9 1 4   1 2  3 =
M.H.S. (AdjA) A =   5 3 1     9  1  10  9  2  4  9  3  12 
   2  1 3    5  3  2  5  6 1  5  9  3 
 
  11 0 0  1 0 0
   
= 0 1 0
 0  11 0  = -11   = -11 I3
 0 0 0 1
 0  11   
 Matrix
1 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 2
R.H.S. = A I3 = 1 2 3
I3 =[1 1 3 -1 2 3 +1 2 1
] I3
2 1 3

=[1(6-3) -1(3 + 6) +1(-1 -4)]A I3

= [3 - 9 – 5] I3 = -11 I3
Hence, L.H.S = M.H.S = R.H.S (Verified)

1 1 1 
 
Problem: Compute the inverse of the matrices A =  1 2  3
2 1 3 
 
We know, A-1 = AdjA / |A| --- --- (1)
 THE INVERSE OF A MATRIX

In ordinary arithmetic multiplication the inverse of 3 is

1
and the inverse of
1 is 3 since 3
3

1 1
3   1 and  3  1
3 3
The inverse of a matrix A is commonly denoted by A-1 or inv A.

The inverse of an n x n matrix A is the matrix A-1 such that AA-1 = I = A-1A
 Matrix

1 1 1 
 
Problem: Compute the inverse of the matrices A = 1 2  3 
2 1 3 
 

We know, A-1 = AdjA / |A| --- --- (1)

 Matrix
The co-factor of A are
 2  3  1  3
A11 =(-1) 1+1   = 6 -3 = 3 A12 =(-1) 1+2   = - (3+6) = - 9
1 3  2 3 

1 2   1 1
A13 =(-1) 1+3   = (-1- 4) = - 5 A21 =(-1) 2+1   = - (3+1) = - 4
 2 1    1 3
 1 1 1 1 
  = (3- 2) = 1 A23 =(-1)2+3   = - (-1-2) = 3
A22 =(-1)2+2
 2 3  2 1
1 1  1 1 
  = (-3-2) = - 5 A32 =(-1) 3+2   = - (-3-1) = 4
A31=(-1)3+1  1  3 
 2  3
1 1 
A33 =(-1) 3+3
 = (2-1) = 1
1 2 
 Matrix
 3  9  5 t  3  4  5
 
   9 1 4
Adj A =   4 1 3  =  
5 4   5 3 1 
 1  

Now,
1 1 1
2 3 1 3 1 2
=
A = 1
2 1
2 3
3 1 3 -1 2 3 +1 2 1
=1(6-3) -1(3 + 6) +1( -1 – 4 )

=3 – 9 –5 = -11
From eqn.(1) we have,  3  4  5
 
 9 1 4 
 5 3 1 

A-1 =
-11 (Answer)
Note: We only consider inverses of 2×2 matrices here

Example 1

é1 2ù
ê ú
Find the inverse of

ë-1 4û
And show it is a left inverse
 Example 1

Swap

-1
é 1 2ù 1 é4 - 2ù
ê- ú = ê ú
ë 1 4û 1 2 ë1 1û
-1 4
1
Change sign
determinant
Example 1

-1
é 1 2ù 1 é4 - 2ù
ê- ú = ê ú
ë 1 4û 6 ë1 1û

Note: Although, strictly speaking, the inverse should have term arising from the
determinant multiplied in, in practice we often leave this term out in front of the
matrix.
 -
Example 1

Show it is a left inverse

-1
é 1 2ù é 1 2ù 1 é4 - 2ùé 1 2ù
ê- ú ê- =
ú 6 ê úê- ú
ë 1 4 û ë 1 4û ë1 1ûë 1 4û

1 é6 0ù
= ê ú
6 ë0 6û

é1 0ù
=ê ú
ë0 1û
 Matrix
• Simultaneous Equation
• Form :- AX = B  X = A-1B
Where A is the matrix of co-efficient
X is the column vector of unknowns
and B is the column vector of constants.

Example- (Book kapoor:page-847): Using matrices solve completely the

following equations
5x – 6y + 4z = 15
7x + 4y – 3z = 19
2x + y + 6z = 46
 Matrix
Solution: The system can be written in matrix form as

5  6 4   x   15 
    
 7 4  3   y =  19 
2 1 6     46 
 z  
 
If we compare it to Ax= b form
5  6 4   x  15 
     
A =  7 4  3  X =  y  B =  19 
2 1 6   46 
 z  
 
We have, Ax= B  x =A-1B  x = (AdjA)B / |A| --- ---(1)
5 6 4 7 4
4 3 7 3
|A| = 7 4  3 = 5 +6 +4
1 6 2 6 2 1
2 1 6
= 5(24+3 ) +6(42 + 6) +4(7-8) =419
 Matrix
The co-factor of A are
 4  3  7  3
1+1    = - (42+6) = - 48
A11 =(-1)  1 6  = 24+3 = 27 A12 =(-1)
1+2

  2 6 

 7 4   6 4
A13 =(-1) 1+3   = (7- 8) = - 1 A21 =(-1) 2+1   = - (-36-4) = 40
 2 1   1 6
 5 4 5 6
  = (30- 8) = 22 A23 =(-1)2+3  = - (5+12) = -17
A22 =(-1)2+2
 2 6 1 1
 6 4  5 4 
3+1   = (18-16) = 2 A32 =(-1) 3+2   = - (-15-28) = 43
A31=(-1)   7  3 
 4  3
 5  6
A33 =(-1) 
3+3
 = (20+42) = 62
7 4 
 Matrix
 27  48  1  t  27 40 2
   
 40 22  17  =   48 22 43 
AdjA = 2 43 62    1  17 62 
  

 27 40 2
 
  48 22 43 
  1  17 62 
 
From equation (1), X = B
419

 15 
 x  27 40 2  
   
 y =
1   48 22 43   19 
  1  17 62  
z 419   46 
   
 1257   3
1    
= 419  1676  =  4 
 2514  6
   
Hence x=3 , y =4 and z = 6
 Inverse by
Simultaneous Equations
• Pre or postmultiply your square matrix A by
a dummy matrix of the same dimensions,
i.e.,
 a11 a12 a13   a b c 
AA 1
  a21 a22 a23  d e f 
 a31 a32 a33  g h i 

Set the result equal to an identity matrix of
the same dimensions as your square matrix
A, i.e.,
 a11 a12 a13   a b c  1 0 0 
AA 1
 a21 a22 a23  d e f   0 1 0 
a31 a32 a33  g h i  0 0 1 

 Inverse by
Simultaneous Equations
• Recognize that the resulting expression
implies a set of n2 simultaneous equations
that must be satisfied if A-1 exists:
a11(a) + a12(d) + a13(g) = 1, a11(b) + a12(e) + a13(h) = 0,
a11(c) + a12(f) + a13(i) = 0;
or
a21(a) + a22(d) + a23(g) = 0, a21(b) + a22(e) + a23(h) = 1,
a21(c) + a22(f) + a23(i) = 0;
or
a31(a) + a32(d) + a33(g) = 0, a31(b) + a32(e) + a33(h) = 0,
a31(c) + a32(f) + a33(i) = 1.

Solving this set of n2 equations

simultaneously yields A-1.
 Inverse by Simultaneous Equations – An
Example
• If we have
1 2 3 
A = 2 5 4 
1 -3 -2 

Then the postmultiplied matrix would be

1 2 3   a b c 
AA 1
 2 5 4   d e f 
1 -3 -2   g h i 
We now set this equal to a 3x3 identity
matrix
1 2 3   a b c  1 0 0 
 2 5 4   d e f   0 1 0 
1 -3 -2  g h i  0 0 1 
 Inverse by Simultaneous
Equations – An Example
Recognize that the resulting expression implies
the following n2 simultaneous equations:
1a + 2d + 3g = 1, 1b + 2e + 3h = 0, 1c + 2f + 3i = 0;
or
2a + 5d + 4g = 0, 2b + 5e + 4h = 1, 2c + 5f + 4i = 0;
or
1a - 3d - 2g = 0, 1b - 3e - 2h = 0, 1c - 3f - 2i = 1.

This system can be satisfied iff A-1 exists.

 Inverse by Simultaneous
Equations – An Example
Solving the set of n2 equations
simultaneously yields:
a = -2/15, b = 1/3, c = 7/3,
d = -8/15, e = 1/3, f = -2/3’
g = 11/15, h =-1/3, i = -1/15
so we have that A-1
 -2 1 7 
 15 3 15 
A =  -8
-1 1 -2 
1115 -13 -115 
 15 3 15 
 Inverse by Simultaneous
Equations – An Example
ALWAYS check your answer.
How? Use the fact that AA-1= A-1A =I and do
a little matrix multiplication!

 -2 1 7 
1 2 3   15 3 15  1 0 0 
AA = 2 5 4   -8
-1 1 -2   0 1 0   I
1 -3 -2  11 15 3 15 3x3
-1 -1  0 0 1 
 15 3 15 

So we have found A-1!

 Inverse by the
Gauss-Jordan Algorithm
• Augment your matrix A with an identity
matrix of the same dimensions, i.e.,
 a11 a12 a13 1 0 0 
A | I  a21 a22 a23 0 1 0 
a a32 a33 0 0 1 
 31

Now we use valid Row Operations

necessary to convert A to I (and so A|I to I|
A-1)
 Inverse by the
Gauss-Jordan Algorithm
• Valid Row Operations on A|I
• You may interchange rows
• You may multiply a row by a scalar
• You may replace a row with the sum of that row and another row multiplied by a scalar (which is often negative)
• Every operation performed on A must be performed on I
• Use valid Row Operations on A|I to convert A to I (and so A|I to I|A-1)
Inverse by the Gauss-Jordan Algorithm – An
Example
• If we have
1 2 3 
A = 2 5 4 
1 -3 -2 

Then the augmented matrix A|I is

1 2 3 1 0 0 
A | I  2 5 4 0 1 0 
1 -3 -2 0 0 1 
 

We now wish to use valid row operations

to convert the A side of this augmented
matrix to I
Inverse by the Gauss-Jordan Algorithm – An
Example
Step 1: Subtract 2·Row 1 from Row 2
2 5 4 0 1 0 

- 2 1 2 0 0 
3 1
0 1 -2 -2 -1 0 
 

And substitute the result for Row 2 in A|I

1 2 3 1 0 0 
0 1 -2 -2 1 0 
1 -3 -2 0 0 1 
 
Inverse by the Gauss-Jordan Algorithm – An
Example
Step 2: Subtract Row 3 from Row 1
1 2 31 0 0 

- 1 -3 -2 0 0 1
0 5 5 1 0 -1


Divide the result by 5 and substitute for Row 3

in the matrix derived in the previous step
 
 1 2 3 1 0 0 
 0 1 -2 -2 1 0 
0 1 1 1 5 0 -1 5 
Inverse by the Gauss-Jordan Algorithm – An
Example
Step 3: Subtract Row 2 from Row 3
0 1 1 1 0 -1 
 5 5
 0 1 -2 - 2 1 0 

0 0 3 11 -1 -1 
 5 5
Divide the result by 3 and substitute for Row 3
in the matrix derived in the previous step
 
 1 2 3 1 0 0 
 0 1 -2 -2 1 0 
0 0 1 1115 -1 3 -115 
Inverse by the Gauss-Jordan Algorithm – An
Example
Step 4: Subtract 2·Row 2 from Row 1
1 2 3 1 0 0 

 2 0 1 -2 - 2 1 0 

1 0 7 5 -2 0 

Substitute the result for Row 1 in the matrix
derived in the previous step
 
 1 0 7 5 -2 0 
 0 1 -2 -2 1 0 
0 0 1 1115 -1 3 -115 
Inverse by the Gauss-Jordan Algorithm – An
Example
Step 5: Subtract 7·Row 3 from Row 1
1 0 7 5 -2 0 

7  0 0 1 11 -1 -1 
 15 3 15 
1 0 0 -2 1 7 
 15 3 15 
Substitute the result for Row 1 in the matrix
derived in the previous step
 -2 1 7 
 1 0 0 15 3 15 
0 1 -2 -2 1 0 
0 0 1 1115 -1 3 -115 
 
Inverse by the Gauss-Jordan Algorithm – An
Example
Step 6: Add 2·Row 3 to Row 2
0 1 -2 - 2 1 0 

2  0 0 1 11 -1 -1 
 15 3 15 
0 1 0 -8 1 -2 
 15 3 15 
Substitute the result for Row 2 in the matrix
derived in the previous step
 -2 1 7 
1 0 0 15 3 15 
0 1 0 -8 15 1 3 -215 
0 0 1 11 -1 -1 
 15 3 15 
Inverse by the Gauss-Jordan Algorithm – An
Example
Now that the left side of the augmented
matrix is an identity matrix I, the right side
of the augmented matrix is the inverse of
the matrix A (A-1), i.e.,

 -2 1 7 
 15 3 15 
A 1   -8 1 -2 
15 3 15
11 -1 -1 
 15 3 15 
Inverse by the Gauss-Jordan Algorithm – An
Example
To check our work, let’s see if our result
yields AA-1 = I:
 -2 1 7 
1 2 3   15 3 15  1 0 0 
AA 1
 2 5 4   -8 1 -2   0 1 0
1 -3 -2 1115 -13 -115   0 0 1 
 15 3 15 

So our work checks out!

 Inverse by Determinants
• Replace each element aij in a matrix A with an element calculated as follows:
• Find the determinant of the submatrix that results when the ith row and jth column are eliminated from A (i.e., Aij)
• Attach the sign that you identified in the Method of Cofactors
• Divide by the determinant of A
• After all elements have been replaced, transpose the resulting matrix
 Inverse by Determinants –
An Example
Again suppose we have some matrix A:
1 2 3 
A  2 5 4 
1 -3 -2
We have calculated the determinant of A to
be –15, so we replace element 1,1 with
 
 A11 
  1 2 15   215
11
1 
 A
Similarly, we replace element 1,2 with
 
 A12 
  1 8 15   8 15
1 2
1 
 A
 Inverse by Determinants –
An Example
After using this approach to replace each of the nine elements of A, The
eventual result will be

 -2 1 7 
 15 3 15 
-8
 15 1 -2 
3 15
11 -1 -1 
 15 3 15 
which is A-1!
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX

Problem:
Mr. X is a sole trader, manufacturing tables
and chairs. Each table requires 5 hours of labor
and 6 units of material. A chair requires 3 labor
hours and 3 units of material. If Mr. X plans to
produce 10 tables and 15 chairs in the next
week, how many labor hours will he need to
work and how much material will he require?
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
The matrix solution would be:

Tables Chairs Labour Materials Labour Materials

10 15 12 5 6

  =  95 105 12
 3 3  22

Ans: 95 hours will be need to work and 105 units material will be required
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
• A publishing house has two branches. In each
branch, there are three offices. In each office,
there are 3 peons, 4 clerks and 5 typists. In one
office of a branch, 6 salesmen are also working.
In each office of other branch 2 head-clerks are
also working. Using matrix notation find i) the
total number of posts of each kind in all the
offices taken together in each branch, ii) the total
number of posts of each kind in all the offices
taken together form both the branches.
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
• A finance company has offices located in 5 divisions 30
districts and 200 tanas. Each office has 1 head clerk, 1
cashier, 1 clerk, and 1 peon. A divisional office has, in
addition, an office superintendent, 2 clerks, 1 typist and 1
peon. A district office has, in addition, 1 clerk and 1 peon.
The basic monthly salaries are as follows: office
superintendent Tk 10,000, head clerk Tk 8000, cashier
Tk7000, clerk, and typist Tk 6000 and peon Tk5000. Using
Matrix notation find: i) the total number of posts of each
kind in all the offices taken together, ii) the total basic
monthly salary bill of each kind of office, and iii) the total
basic monthly salary bill of all the offices taken together.
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
Problem: The total cost of manufacturing three types of motor car is
given by the following table:

Labour (hrs) Materials (units) Sub-contracted (units)

Car A 40 100 50
Car B 80 150 80
Car C 100 250 100

Labour costs Rs. 20 per hour, units of material cost Rs.5 each and
units of sub-contracted work cost Rs.10 per unit. Find the total
cost of manufacturing 3000, 2000 and 1000 vehicles of type A, B
and C respectively.
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX

Solution:
Let matrix P represents labour hours, material used
and sub-contracted work for three types of cars A, B,
C respectively
 40 100 50 
P =  80 150 80 
 
100 250 100 
 

Let matrix Q represent labour cost per unit, material cost and cost
of sub-contracted work
 20 
 
Q= 5
 10 
 
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
The cost of each car A , B, C is now given by the column matrix

 40 100 50   20   1800 
PQ =      
 80 150 80  5 =  3150 
100 250 100 
   10   4250 
   

Let the number of cars A , B, C to be manufactured in that order be represented by the

row matrix

R=  3000 2000 1000 

 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
Hence the total cost of manufacturing three cars A B
and C is give by the matrix

 1800 
(PQ)R =
 
 3150   3000 2000 1000 
 4250 
 

= 1,59,50,000
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
Problem:
A,B and C has Rs. 480 , Es 760 and Rs. 710 respectively .
They utilized the amounts to purchase three types of shares of
prices x,y and z respectively. A purchases 2 shares of price x,
5 shares of price y and 3 shares of price z. B purchases 4
shares of price x, 3 shares of price y and 6 shares of price z. C
purchases 1 shares of price x, 4 shares of price y and 10
shares of price z. Using matrix, find the prices per unit of the
three commodities.
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
Solution: We obtain the following set of sumultaneous
linear equations
2x +5y + 3z = 480
4x +3y + 6z = 790
X + 4y+ 10z = 710
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
• A manufacturing company produces three types of
television sets A, B, C. The following matrix shows
the sale of television sets in two different cities:
 400 300 200 
 
 300 200 100 
 
 

If cost price of each set A, B, C is Tk 1000, Tk 2000, Tk

3000 respectively and selling price Tk 1500, Tk 3000,
Tk 4000 respectively, Find the total profit using
matrix algebra
 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
A special food for athletes is to be developed from
two foods: foods P and food Q. The new food is to be
designed so that it contains exactly 16 ounces of
vitamin A, exactly 44 vitamin B and exactly 12 ounces
of vitamin C. Each pound of food P contains 1 ounce of
vitamin A, 5 ounces of vitamin B and 1 ounce of
vitamin C. On the other hand, Each pound of food, Q
contains 2 ounces of vitamin A, 1 ounce of vitamin B
and 1 ounce of vitamin C. Find the number of pounds
of each food to be used in the mixture in order to
meet the above requirement.
 Example
Solve the following equation by using matrix
method:
x+10y+40z=6950
x+9y+35z=6725
x+12y+40z=7100
 Problem
An amount of $65,000 is invested in three
investments at rates of 6%, 8% and 9% per
annum respectively. The total annual income
is $4,800. The income from the third
investment is $600 more than the income
from the second investment. Using matrix
algebra, determine the amount of each
investment
 Problem
• A company produce three products every day.
Their total production on a certain day is 45
tons. It is found that the total production of
third product exceed the total production of
first product by 8 tons while the total
production of first and third product is twice
the production of second product. Determine
production level of each product by using
matrix algebra methods.
Let, the production level of the three products be
x, y and z respectively.
Then, x+y+z=45
Z=x+8 or, -x+0y+z=8
X+z=2y or, x-2y+z=0
 Problem
An automobile company uses three types of steel s1,
s2 and s3 for producing three types of cars c1, c2 and
c3. Steel requirement (in tons) for each type of car are
given below:
Cars
c1 c2 c3
s1 2 3 4
Steel
s2 1 1 2
3 3 2 1

Determine the number of cars of each type which can

be produce using 29, 13 and 16 tons of
Steels of three types respectively.
The prices in taka of three commodities X, Y and Z
are x, y and z per unit respectively. A purchase 4
units of Z and sells 3 units of X and 5 units of Y. B
purchase 3units of Y and sells 2 units of X and 1
units of Z. C purchase 1 unit of X and sells 4 units
of Y and 6 units of Z. In the process A, B and C
earn Tk 6000, Tk5000 and Tk 13000 respectively.
Using matrix find the price per unit of the three
commodities.
3x+5y-4z=6000
2x-3y+z=5000
-x+4y+6z=1300