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08 Doors & Windows
08 Doors & Windows
*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
1. GLASS
*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS
Nails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end pointed
and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood or
other building materials as a fastener.
Material • Nails are usually of mild steel, but may also be of aluminum,
copper, brass, zinc or stainless steel.
• Tempered, high-carbon steel nails are used for greater
strength in masonry applications.
• The type of metal used should be compatible with the
materials being secured to avoid loss of holding power and
prevent staining of the materials.
Length and • Nail lengths are designated by the term penny (d).
Diameter of • Nails range in length from 2d, about 1” (25) long, to 60d
the Shank about 6” (150) long
• Nail length should be about 3 x thickness of the material
being secured
• Large diameter nails are used for heavy work while lighter
nails are used for finish work; thinner nails are used for
hardwood rather than for softwood.
2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS
Form of the • For greater gripping strength, nail shafts may be serrated,
Shank barbed, threaded, fluted or twisted.
• Nail shafts may be cement-coated for greater resistance
to withdrawal, or be zinc-coated for corrosion resistance.
Nail Heads • Flat heads provide the largest amount of contact area and
are used when exposure of the heads is acceptable.
• The heads of finish nails are only slightly larger than the
shaft and may be tapered or cupped.
• Double-headed nails are used for easy removal in
temporary construction and concrete formwork
Nail Points • Most nails have diamond-shaped points.
• Sharp-pointed nails have greater holding strength but
may tend to split some woods; blunt points should be
used for easily split woods.
2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS
The length of a wood screw should be about 1/8” (3) less than
the combined thickness of the boards being joined, with ½ to 2/3
of the screw’s length penetrating the base material. Fine-
threaded screws are generally used for hardwoods while
coarse-threaded ones are used for softwoods.
Holes for screws should be predrilled and be equal to the base
diameter of the threads. Some screws, such as self-tapping
and drywall screws, are designed to tap corresponding female
threads as they are driven.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS