Maharashtra Academy of Naval Education and Training,

MANET, Pune

 Course Name: Marine auxiliary Machine – II

 Course Code : ME/T52

 Unit No. : 3 , Other Shipboard Equipment

 PPT No. T52/3.1


Topic: Incinerators
When people live in a place and also if there is
machinery running in any place, waste generation is a
common phenomenon. But like land we don’t have
garbage collector or big garbage disposal centres there
on board ship.
Whatever we have to do, we have to do on the ‘ship’.
Also due to the MARPOL Annex V which say that ‘No
garbage is to be thrown into the sea’ has made the
presence of an incinerator on the ship very important
and the reason for this is quite self explanatory.
So, what to do with the garbage accumulated on the
ship. If we talk about the oily rags which are generated
in the engine rooms, they possess an extreme threat of
getting fired. The only way to cope up with this garbage
is to burn these and for this procedure we have made
machinery called as the
‘Incinerator’.
•According to Annex V of MARPOL 1973/78 convention
of IMO, guidelines regarding the waste material storage
and disposal of waste at sea need to be strictly
followed.
•Incineration of various materials such as galley waste,
food scraps, accommodation waste, linen, card boards,
oil sludge from lubricating oil, fuel oil, bilge and
purifier, and sewage sludge, is one of the most
effective ways of disposal and saving storage capacity
of the tanks and waste storage containments on ships.
•Moreover, the residue left from the incineration can be
easily disposed off as it mainly consists of ash
Annex VI- Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
Chapter 3 - Requirements for control of emissions from ships
Regulation 16 - Shipboard incineration

Shipboard Incinerators
 For all foreign going vessel, an incinerator installed on board the ship on or after 1
January 2000 must comply with requirements of the standard specifications for
shipboard incinerators developed under resolutions MEPC.76(40) and MEPC.93(45).

 The following material not to be incinerated:

1. Annexe I, II and III cargo residues of the present Convention and related
contaminated packing materials;
2. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
3. Garbage, as defined in Annex V of the present Convention, containing more than
traces of heavy metals; and
4. refined petroleum products containing halogen compounds
Incineration of sewage sludge and sludge oil generated during the normal
operation of a ship may also take place in the main or auxiliary power plant or
boilers, but in those cases, shall not take place inside ports, harbours and
estuaries
5. Shipboard incineration of polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs) shall be prohibited, except in
shipboard incinerators for which IMO Type Approval Certificates have been issued.
INCINERATOR
 Types of incinerator
Vertical cyclone type and horizontal burner type are two most
commonly used incinerator on the ship.

 Horizontal burner type

The set up is similar to a horizontal fired boiler with burner
arrangement horizontal to the incinerator combustion
chamber axis. The ash and non-combustible material
remaining at the end of the operation has to be cleared out
manually.

 Vertical Cyclone type

In this type, the burner is mounted on the top and the waste
to be incinerated in introduced into the combustion chamber
from the top. A rotating arm device is provided to improve
combustion and remove ash and non-combustibles from the
surface.
 The important parts of the incinerator are:
 Combustion chamber with diesel oil burner,
sludge burner, pilot fuel heater and electric
control panel
 Flue gas fan which may be fitted with flue gas
damper or frequency inverter
 Sludge service tank with circulating pump and
heater
 Sludge settling tank with filling pump and
heater (Optional)
 Water injection (Optional)
 Rotating arm to remove ash and non-
combustibles (for vertical cyclone type)
 OPERATING THEORY
 As in any other combustion, it consists on mixing,
regulating accordingly, its two main factors: the Oxygen of
the air and the Fuel.
 At the same time, the system has to be equipped with all

kinds of safeguards to eliminate any risk of user's in

handling the system. In addition all the requirements
described by the regulations in force in as far as
Temperature, Noises, Vibration, Pollution... etc. are
concerned, must be satisfied.
 Combustion takes place in the combustion chamber.
 Air is introduced into the combustion chamber, in two

different ways:
 One forced, produced by the D.O. burner fan in order to

help its spreading, when mixing with the atomized fuel.

 Another drawn in by the exhaust gas fan, in order to

maintain vacuum in the chamber, and to ensure the

incinerator frame cooling.
 General air is regulated with the flue gas damper in
such a way that the combustion chamber is always
under vacuum to prevent a possible sudden
increase of combustion and risk of a possible flame
coming out.
 There are three types of fuel:
 DIESEL OIL ,SOLID WASTE , SLUDGE.

 DIESEL OIL
 D.O. is the base fuel to start the firing process and
to increase temperature to burn solid waste.
 D.O. is drawn-in from the tank, mechanically
atomized/sprayed and mixed with air by means of
the diffuser, in the D.O. burner.
 SOLID WASTE
 Solids can be fed:
 Through the front door which can only be opened
when the incinerator is off (If the temperature in
the chamber is below 150 Degrees C).
 Or with the continuous loading door, solid waste
without stopping the burning process can be
loaded.
 SLUDGE
 Before burning it, the sludge has to be prepared, by

increasing its temperature, to adapt their viscosity and also

to eliminate a high water percentage.
 For this purpose, system utilizes a tank with a recirculation

pump, a tank that is provided with a heating system (either

steam or electric). This system is optional but, recirculation,
at any case, has to be carried out.
 Once sludge is prepared, it is taken into the combustion

chamber by means of a dosing pump controlled by a motor-

variator, and thus the sludge is atomized in the sludge
burner either with steam or air. Quality of atomizing can be
regulated by means of a valve in the steam or air line, and
the fuel amount in the motor-variator control.
 The incinerator control system is designed so that it can be

operated either manually or in an "unattended" mode, in

other words, in a totally automatic mode.
Drawings
 Operation
 A sludge burner is placed in the incinerator to burn and dispose of sewage, sludge
and waste oil. An auxiliary oil burner is also fitted to ignite the refuse. Automatic
controls provided for the system secure the igniters when the refuse starts burning
without the need of the igniter. Combustion air is supplied with the help of forced
draught fan.
 A loading door, pneumatically operated, is provided to load the refuse. An interlock
is also provided with burner and forced draught fan, which trips when the loading
door is in open condition as part of the safety.
 Solid waste is fed from the loading door, and the incineration process starts after
closing the door. Liquid waste is fed into the system when the refractory of the
incinerator becomes hot.
 After the completion of the incineration process, the incinerator is allowed to cool
down, and residue like ash and the non-combustibles are removed by pulling the
ash slide door.
 During incineration, it is important to control the exhaust temperature, which
should not be very high or too low. The high temperature could leads to melting of
metal and can cause damage to the machinery, whereas too low temperature will
not be able to burn the residue and sterilise and remove odour from the residue.
 This temperature control can be achieved by introducing cold-diluted air in the
exhaust stream at the point which is as close to incinerator discharge.
Vertical Cyclone type
Vertical Cyclone type
 The incinerator is designed with a primary combustion
chamber for burning solid waste, and a secondary combustion
chamber for burning out un-combusted exhaust gases.
 The primary combustion chamber is equipped with a diesel oil

burner called primary burner

 PRIMARY COMBUSTION CHAMBER
 The incinerator is designed to combustion solid waste. The

heat from the primary burner will dry out and start burning
the solid waste.
 The very large heat transmission area in the primary

combustion chamber optimizes the drying and burning of the

solid waste.
 SECONDARY COMBUSTION CHAMBER
 The primary and the secondary combustion chamber are

separated by wall made of ceramic heavy duty refractory. In

the secondary combustion chamber the gases from the
primary combustion chamber will burn out.
 THE INCIENRATOR IS DELIVED WITH THE FOLLOWING BULT-ON
MAIN COMPONENTS:
 -Air blower supplying air for the induced draught air ejector,

cooling air and combustion air.

 - Primary burner for primary combustion chamber
 - Secondary burner for secondary combustion chamber
 - Control panel (CP-1)
 -Thermocouples for detecting primary and secondary

combustion chamber temperatures and alarms.

 - Internal electric-cable, oillair pipes and valves
 - Semi-automatic sluice
 SUPPLIED LOOSE FOR INSTALLATION IN FUNNEL :
 Thermocouple for detecting high flue gas temperature and alarm
 Things to remember
 Keep the incinerator chamber inlet outlet and burner parts clean. A daily
inspection must be carried out before the start in the morning
 Do not throttle the air/steam needle valve more than 3⁄4 turn closed. If the
pressure increases above the defined limit, clean the sludge burner nozzle
 Do not turn off the main power before the chamber temperature is down
below 170°C. Keep the fan running to cool down the chamber
 If experiencing any problem with high temperature in the combustion
chamber, flue gas or control of sludge dosing, replace the dosing pump
stator
 Do not transfer sludge to the service tank during sludge burning in a single
tank system as it can damage the refractory
 It is always recommended to heat the sludge overnight, without starting the
circulating pump. Drain off the free water and start the sludge program
before performing the incinerator operation
 Never load glass, lithium batteries or large quantities of spray cans in the
incinerator. Avoid loading large amounts of oily rags or filter cartridges as
all these may damage the flue gas fan
 Inspect the cooling jacket every six months (open the cover plates) and
clean as required with steam or hot water
 Read the instruction manual, and never change any settings unless
instructed by the makers
 NOTE
 Do not incinerate metals as soda and food can plate,
flatware, serving spoons/tray, hardware (nuts & bolts),
structural pieces, wire rope, chains, etc., glass such as
bottles, jars, drinking glasses, etc.
 Flammable materials such as bottles or cans
containing flammable liquids or gasses and aerosol
cans must not be incinerated.
 Loading of glass will result in a rock hard slag, which
is hard to remove from the refractory lining.
 In the case of a blackout, when the combustion
chamber temperature is above 220°C, it is important
to start the flue gas fan as soon as possible in order
not to damage the incinerator by accumulated heat in
the refractory lining.
Technical Requirements for
Shipboard Incineator
 Capacity
 The capacity of an incinerator can be defined as the

maximum mass rate of the wastes (kg/h) or as the

heat rate (kW) released by wastes and supplementary
fuel to be burned in the furnace. The supplementary
fuel is needed to assure continuous and safe burning
of introduced low heat value wastes. Generally, the
shipboard incinerators should be provided for
combined burning of solid and liquid wastes arising
during normal ship’s services. The design of
incinerator itself and of the appertained auxiliary
equipment has to satisfy this basic requirement.
Operating requirements
In order to accomplish the main basic function, i. e. the efficient thermal destruction
of wastes, incinerators should be designed and constructed for the operation in
following conditions:
Maximum combustion chamber flue gas outlet temperature: 1200 0C
Minimum combustion chamber flue gas outlet temperature: 850 0C.
The efficient thermal destruction means a complete and smoke free incineration,

including that of plastic and other synthetic materials while minimizing dioxine and
VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) emissions. Because the combustion chambers of
the shipboard incinerators usually are not designed as water cooled, the maximum
combustion chamber flue gas outlet temperature (1200 0C), at defined capacity,
should be realised by cooling with an adequate inlet air quantity which will be
capable to reduce the flue gas temperature to the defined limit. From this
requirement, the needed capacity of the fan for combustion air is to be derived. The
defined minimum of flue gas outlet temperature (850 0C) from the combustion
chamber should be maintained in order to assure the efficient thermal destruction
of wastes. For this reason, heating of the combustion chamber during starting of
incinerator and the maintenance of defined temperature limit has to be ensured by
supplementary firing of normal quality fuel. An another operating requirement,
important for efficient thermal destruction of wastes, derives from the needed
retention time of products in the combustion chamber, which has to be above 2 sec.
(based on 2 % oxygen content in flue gas), according to the good practice and
experience (Ref. 2). This criterion is important to define the size and dimensions of
the combustion chamber in connection to the incinerator capacity.
 Safety requirements
 Here are some of major safety requirements that have to be fulfilled by the
design and construction of shipboard incinerators.
 Outside surface temperature of the incinerator casing should not exceed 20

C above the ambient temperature, i.e. maximum 60 C. In order to fulfil this

condition, incinerator walls are to be protected with an adequate insulation
layer or with a cooling system like double jacket with air flow in between.
 In order to prevent possible hazardous events (explosions), the burner

management system has to assure a sufficient pre-purge of combustion

chamber before the ignition. This condition should be accomplished with
least four air changes in the chamber including the stack, but not less than
during 15 seconds. This are to be respected between restarts, too. Alike, a
sufficient post-purge after shut-off fuel oil should be done in the period
longer than 15 seconds after the closing of the fuel oil valve.
 The negative pressure in the combustion chamber should be provided with

the adequate draft to prevent leakage of hot gases into the operating
ambient. This is to be achieved by the exhaust fan with a sufficient capacity.
 In order to avoid building-up of dioxins, the flue gas should be shock-

cooled to maximum 350C near to the combustion chamber outlet. This can
be achieved by suction of ambient air into the flue gas duct, what requires
an adequate capacity of the exhaust flue gas fan
 Safety devices
 The incinerator should have a flame safeguard control
consisting of a flame sensing element and associated equipment
for shut-down of the unit in the event of ignition failure and
flame failure during the firing cycle.
 Two control solenoid valves on the main supplement fuel and
liquid waste line to each burner should be provided in series to
assure safe closing in cases of shut-down event.
 A combustion temperature controller, with a sensor placed in
the combustion chamber, should be provided that will shut
down the burner if the combustion chamber temperature
exceeds the maximum temperature.
 A flue gas temperature controller, with a sensor placed in the
flue gas duct, should be provided that will shut down the burner
if the flue gas temperature exceeds the pre-set temperature.
 A negative pressure switch should be provided to monitor the
draft and the negative pressure in the combustion chamber,
which should activate before the negative pressure rises to
atmospheric pressure.
Maintenance required on Incinerator 
There is very less maintenance which are required on an incinerator.
Since there is no moving parts in the incinerator, the operating and
maintenance cost is very less. But still we have to see following for
proper functioning of the incinerator which is as follows:
1) Checking the exhaust or purging fan of the incinerator.
2) Checking the nozzles of the burners which are used in the
incinerator.
3) Checking the furnace for any type dame like leaks etc.
4) Removing the carbon being deposited on the walls of the incinerator.