Presented By

Gul-e-Rana
 LEARNING
DISABILITIES
 LEARNING:
• Relatively permanent change in
human behavior.
• Learning is continuous and
ongoing process.
LEARNING DISABILITIES
• A general term that describes specific
kinds of learning problems.
• A learning disability can cause a
person to have trouble to have learning
and using certain skills.
• The skills most often affected are
reading, writing,speaking,reasoning,and
doing math.
Learning Disabilities Continued……..:

• A learning disabilities is not a problem

with intelligence or motivation.
• Kids with learning disabilites are n’t
lazy or dumb.
• Learning disabilities may vary from one
child to another.
 Signs and Symptoms
Pre School Age(3-5):
• Problems in pronouncing words.
• Trouble finding the right word.
• Difficulty rhyming.
• Trouble learning the alphabets,
• numbers, colors, shapes, days of the week.
• Difficulty in following directions or learning routines.
• Difficulty in holding of pencil, crayons,pencils
and
scissors, or coloring with in the lines.
• Trouble with buttons, zippers, learning to tie
shoes.
 Signs and Symptoms

Junior Age(6-9):
• Unable to blend sounds to make words.
• Confuse in basic words when reading
• Slow to learn new skills
• Consistently misspells words and makes
frequent errors
• Trouble learning basic math concepts.
• Difficulty in remembering sequences.
 Signs and Symptoms:
Middle Age(10-17):
Difficulty with reading comprehension or math
skills.
Trouble with open-ended test questions and word
problems.
Dislikes reading,writing
Avoid aloud reading and poor handwriting.
Poor organized skills(bedroom,homework,desk is
messy and disorganized).
Trouble in expression thoughts and avoid
discussion.
 Classification of Learning
Disabilities:
• Dyslexia(difficulty in reading)
• Dysgraphia(difficulty in writing)
• Dyscalculia(difficulty in math)
• Dyspraxia(motor skills)
• Aphasia/Dysphasia(difficulty in
language)
• Auditory Processing disorder
• Visual processing disorder
 Dyslexia
o Signs of reading difficulty
include problems with
• Letter and word recognition
• Understanding words
• Reading speed and fluency
• General vocabulary skills
 Dysgraphia:
 Writing problem include with
• Neatness and consistency of writing
• Accurately coping letters and words
• Spelling consistency
• Writing organization and coherence.
 Dyscalculia:
 Math problem include
• Recognition and sequencing of numbers
• Operations signs and number facts(i.e;5+5=10
or 5x5=25)
• Children with math learning disorder might also
have trouble with counting principles(such
as counting by two’s or counting by fives) or
have difficulty telling time.
Aphasia/Dysphasia
Difficulty in language include
• Problems in spoken
language
• Poor reading comprehension
Auditory processing
disorder
Difficulty hearing between sounds
Problems with
 reading
 comprehension
 language.
Visual processing
disorder
 Difficulty interpreting visual information.
Problems with
 Reading
 Math
 Maps
 Charts
 Symbols
 Pictures
Causes of Learning Disabilities

• Alcohol or harmful drug

in uterus
• Birth trauma or distress
• Heredity
• Low Birth weight
• Premature Birth
• Sensory deficits, such as
hearing loss or poor
vision
Causes of Learning Disabilities

• Abuse(i.e; physical or
verbal).
• Reserved or
shyness.
• Poor Nurturing
environment.
• Domestic
violence
Effect of Learning
Disabilities
Children with learning disabilities
experience almost everyday situation such
as,
 Shame
 Anxiety
 Frustration
 Social isolation
 Melancholy(depressive mood)
 Lack of self confidence
 Continue
d
• Impulsiveness
• Aggression
• Low self esteem e.t.c
Generally these children are hardly
motivated to learn because they do not
praise very often because of their low
performance, and are not internally
satisfied for the same reason.
 Diagnostic Criteria:
According to the American
Psychological Association DSM-5(Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual)

In pre school age(3-5) consistently delay

in
• Language
development(words,
vocabulary)
• Basic skills development
(recognition, holding or carrying
 Diagnostic Criteria Continued……..

• The difficulties experienced by

individual will be assessed using
standardized achievement tests
and found to be at a level
significantly lower than most of
individual of the same age.
these tests include
• SPM(standard progressive matrices)
• CPM(Child progressive matrices)
 Continued:
• QNST(Quick
Neurological Screening
test).
• Banglor Dyslexia Test
 Diagnostic Team:
In Learning Disability a child can not be
diagnosed by a Single Person.it may
involve the specialists, school authority
and family.
• Family(Parents +Siblings+Grand
parents)
• School Community(Teacher+Principal)
• Psychologist(School or clinical)
• Occupational and Speech Therapist
 TREATMENT:
It’s not always easy to know what to do
and where to find help.the specialist
preferred first to know the area of
weakness of child.

• Learn the specific about your child’s

learning disability.
• Nurture your child strength.
• Provide emotional support to your
child.
 There are different types of
psychotherapies that are used for
children. Such as;
 Behavior therapy.
(reward for any assign task)
 Playtherapy.
 (observetbehaviour of child ,
physical and emotional strength
during play)
 Misconception of LD
A common misconception that makes it
difficult for people to understand
learning disabilities.
• When a child reaches puberty level,he or
she undergoes hormonal changes,which
can sometimes lead to stress and
lethargy(laziness) and the child may feel
difficulty in understanding more than
normal situations.
• If a child’s perception of something is
not clear or the subject is not of
interest to him or her, and is forced
upon them it does not yield significant
result.
• If a child had an accident such as the
death of a loved one or an incident that
has temporarily damaged their ability
to think and understand.