PSYCHOLOGY SEMINAR C

PRESENTED BY: SANJANA , SELVINA & SRUTHY

CLASS: 11 D
ROLL NO: 33, 34 & 35
COGNITIVE LEARINING
• Some psychologists view learning in
terms of cognitive processes that underlie
it
• In cognitive learning, there is a change in
what the learner knows rather than what
s/he does
• This form of learning shows up in insight
learning and latent learning.
 INSIGHT LEARNING
• Insight learning is a type of learning or
problem solving that happens suddenly through
understanding the relationships of various parts
of a problem rather than through trial and error.

• EXAMPLE- you are taking a test and you come

across a problem that you cannot solve. You sit there
for a few seconds and rack your brain for any possible
ray of light that will help you get to the solution.
Right before you decide to move on to the next
question, the equation that holds the key to that
answer suddenly pops into your head. That is insight
learning. 
WOLFANG KOHLER
• Wolfgang Köhler  was one of the people who developed Gestalt
psychology, along with Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka. 
• Wolfgang Köhler was the first person to use chimpanzees in
psychological research. Before, psychologists had only experimented
with dogs and cats in order to learn about conditioning.
• Based on the fact that chimps are more closely related to
humans, one of Köhler’s main goals was to see just how similar they
were.
•   He established the concept of “learning by insight” on the basis of
his research.
          KOHLER'S INSIGHT LEARNING
                        EXPERIMENT  
LATENT LEARNING
• Form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt
response.
• It occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behaviour or
associations that are learned.
• This type of learning broke the constraints of behaviourism, which
stated that processes must be directly observable and that learning
was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.
 LATENT LEARNING
• Edward C. Tolman (1886–1959) first documented this type of
learning in a study on rats in 1930.
• Latent learning also seen in humans.
• Children may learn by watching the actions of their parents
but only demonstrate it at a later date, when the learned
material is needed.
EDWARD C. TOLMAN
• Tolman is best known for his studies of learning in rats using mazes, and
he published many experimental articles, of which his paper with Ritchie
and Kalish in 1946 was probably the most influential
• Tolman coined the term cognitive map, which is an internal
representation (or image) of external environmental feature or landmark.
He thought that individuals acquire large numbers of cues (i.e., signals)
from the environment and could use these to build a mental image of an
environment (i.e., a cognitive map).
• By using this internal representation of a physical space, they could get
to the goal by knowing where it is in a complex of environmental
features. Short cuts and changeable routes are possible with this model.
 TOLMAN’S LATENT LEARNING
EXPERIMENT
In their famous experiments Tolman and Honzik (1930) built a maze to investigate latent learning in
rats. The study also shows that rats actively process information rather than operating on a stimulus
response relationship.
Group 1: Rewarded
Day 1 – 17: Every time they got to
end, given food (i.e., reinforced).
Group 2: Delayed Reward
Day 1 - 10: Every time they got to
end, taken out.
Day 11 -17: Every time they got to
end, given food (i.e., reinforced).