Notes on generator emf

equation
EMF Equation of Synchronous Generator or Alternator
Voltage Generation in Alternator
The rotor of the alternator is run at its proper speed by the prime mover. The prime mover is a device which
supplies mechanical energy input to the alternator. For slow and medium speed alternators, the water turbines
are used as prime mover while the steam and gas turbines are used for the large and high speed alternators.
When the poles of the rotor move under the armature conductors on the stator, the magnetic field cuts the
armature conductors. Therefore, EMF is induced in these conductors by the electromagnetic induction. This
induced EMF is of alternating nature because field poles of alternate polarity successively pass by the
armature conductor. This induced EMF in the synchronous generator or alternator is given by the equation that
is given below.
EMF Equation of Alternator
Let,
𝑃 = Number of poles
φ = Flux per pole in webers
𝑁 = Rotor speed in RPM
𝑓 = Frequency of the induced EMF in Hz
𝑍 = Number of conductors in series per phase
𝑇 = Number of coils or turns per phas𝑒
As the flux per pole is φ, hence, in one revolution, each stator
conductor cut a flux of,
dφ=Pφ𝑑𝜑=𝑃𝜑
And the time taken to complete one revolution is,
dt=60N𝑑𝑡=60𝑁
Therefore, according electromagnetic induction, the average EMF
induced in one stator
conductor is given by,
EMFperconductor=dφdt=PφN60EMFperconductor=𝑑φ𝑑𝑡=𝑃φ𝑁60
Since there are Z conductors in series per phase, thus,
EMFperphase=EMFperconductor×Z=(PφN60)×ZEMFperphase=EMFpe
rconductor×Z=(𝑃φ𝑁60)×𝑍
∵Speedoftherotor,N=120fP∵Speedoftherotor, 𝑁=120 𝑓𝑃
Numerical Example
A 3-phase, 50 Hz, star connected alternator has 200 conductors per phase and the
flux per pole is 0.0654 Wb. Calculate the following −
EMF induced per phase, and
EMF between line terminals.
Assume the winding to be full pitched and the distribution factor to be 0.86.
Solution
EMF induced per phase −
Eph=2.22kckdfφZ𝐸𝑝ℎ=2.22𝑘𝑐𝑘𝑑𝑓φ𝑍
⇒Eph=2.22×1×0.86×50×0.0654×200=1248.6V⇒𝐸𝑝ℎ=2.22×1×0.86×50×0.0654×200
=1248.6V
EMF between line terminals −
EL=3–√Eph=3–√×1248.6=2162.6V𝐸𝐿=3𝐸𝑝ℎ=3×1248.6=2162.6V