Geologi Tata Lingkungan

SUMBER DAYA AIR

PRODI PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN KOTA

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
 Asdal

WATER ON EARTH
TYPES OF WATER:
• Surface water = water in rivers, lakes, oceans and so on.
• Subsurface water = groundwater, connate water, soil moisture,
capillary water.
• Groundwater exists in the zone of saturation, and may be fresh
or saline.
• Meteoric water = water in circulation.
• Connate water = "fossil" water, often saline.
.

QUESTIONS:
• Which of these can be or is polluted in some places?
• Which of these are used most by humans?
• What is the relative residence time of water in each one?
S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Although water is
abundant on a global
scale, more than 99% is
unavailable for our use. A
mere 2.5% is usable by
humans, with an even
smaller amount
accessible! The oceans,
ice caps, and glaciers
contain most of the
Earth’s water supplies.
Ocean water is too saline
to be economically
useful, while glaciers and
ice caps are
"inconveniently located.“
S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Source: www.learner.org D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

Current and projected freshwater stress areas

Source: Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal. D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

GLOBAL WATER SOURCE AND

VOLUME
Water source Water volume Percent
(in cubic km) of Total
Oceans 1,230,000,000 97.2%
Icecaps, glaciers 28,600,000 2.15%
Groundwater 8,300,000 0.61%
Fresh water lakes 123,000 0.009%
Inland seas 104,000 0.008%
Soil moisture 67,000 0.005%
Atmosphere 12,700 0.001%
Rivers 1,200 0.0001%
Total Water Volume 1,360,000,000 100%
SOURCE: USGS, 1984, The Hydrologic Cycle – Pamphlet

S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

ESTIMATE OF THE WORLD WATER BALANCE

Source: www.learner.org D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

WATER BALANCE

S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

Figure from Keller (2000)

Surface runoff plays an important role in the recycling

process. Not only does it replenish lakes, streams, and
groundwater; it also creates the landscape by eroding
topography and transporting the material elsewhere.

S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

Factors Affecting Surface Runoff

Runoff = a function (ƒ) of geology, slope, climate,
precipitation, saturation, soil type, vegetation, and time
Geology includes rock and soil types and characteristics, as
well as degree of weathering. Porous material (sand, gravel,
and soluble rock) absorbs water far more readily than does fine-
grained, dense clay or unfractured rock.
Well-drained material (porous) has a lower runoff potential,
and therefore has a lower drainage density.
Poorly-drained material (non-porous) has a higher runoff
potential, resulting in greater drainage density.
Drainage density is a measure of the length of channel per unit
area. Many channels per unit area means that more water is
moving off of the surface, rather than soaking into the soil.
S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Neraca Air dan Proyeksi Ketersediaan/Kebutuhan tahun 2015

400,000

300,000

200,000
x 10^6 m3/tahun

100,000

Ketersediaan
Kebutuhan
0
Neraca

-100,000

-200,000

Region
Sumber: Agenda 21 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Peta Tata Guna Lahan

Pulau Jawa Tahun 2003

D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Hutan Indonesia : ‘Paru-Paru Dunia’ yang Tersisa

48 57
% % 71
%

33
%

10 80
% %
PULAU
TUTUPAN
30
(HA) %
25
SUMATERA 15.417.211 32.73
%
JAWA
KALIMANTAN
1.366.076 9.82
25.536.123 47.58 %
BALI
NUSA TENGGARA
178.749 30.43
1.709.728 25.29 Sumber: Peta MIH 2009
SULAWESI 10.704.413 56.67
MALUKU 5.637.839 71.11
PAPUA 33.280.114 79.53
NASIONAL 93.830.253
D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Laju Deforestasi
Seluruh Indonesia;
3.51
Juta ha/tahun

Di dalam Kawasan
Hutan; 2.83

Series1; Seluruh
Indonesia; 1.87
Series1; Di dalam
Kawasan Hutan; 1.37
Seluruh Indonesia; Seluruh Indonesia;
1.08 1.17
Series1; Di luar Di luar Kawasan Di dalam Kawasan
Kawasan Hutan Hutan (APL); 0.68 Di dalam Kawasan Hutan; 0.76
(APL); 0.50 Hutan; 0.78
Di luar Kawasan
Hutan (APL); 0.30 Di luar Kawasan
Hutan (APL); 0.41

1990-1996 1996-2000 2000-2003 2003-2006

Seluruh Indonesia Di dalam Kawasan Hutan Di luar Kawasan Hutan (APL)

Sumber: Tonny Soehartono, Kementerian Kehutanan 2010 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

Sumber: WWF
 Asdal

Peta Ketersediaan Air

Pulau Jawa

Tahun 2005

Tahun 2010
air.bappenas.go.id D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Peta Ketersediaan Air

Pulau Jawa

Tahun 2015

Tahun 2020
air.bappenas.go.id D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Peta Ketersediaan Air

Pulau Jawa

Tahun 2020

Tahun 2025
air.bappenas.go.id D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Aquifers
• An aquifer is a formation that allows water to be accessible at a
usable rate. Aquifers are permeable layers such as sand, gravel, and
fractured rock.
• Confined aquifers have non-permeable layers, above and below the
aquifer zone, referred to as aquitards or aquicludes. These layers
restrict water movement. Clay soils, shales, and non-fractured,
weakly porous igneous and metamorphic rocks are examples of
aquitards.
• Sometimes a lens of non-permeable material will be found within
more permeable material. Water percolating through the unsaturated
zone will be intercepted by this layer and will accumulate on top of
the lens. This water is a perched aquifer.
• An unconfined aquifer has no confining layers that retard vertical
water movement.
• Artesian aquifers are confined under hydraulic pressure, resulting in
free-flowing water, either from a spring or from a well.
S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

GROUNDWATER

D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

Groundwater
(Recharge and Discharge)
• Water is continually recycled through aquifer systems.
• Groundwater recharge is any water added to the aquifer zone.
• Processes that contribute to groundwater recharge include
precipitation, streamflow, leakage (reservoirs, lakes,
aqueducts), and artificial means (injection wells).
• Groundwater discharge is any process that removes water from
an aquifer system. Natural springs and artificial wells are
examples of discharge processes.
• Groundwater supplies 30% of the water present in our streams.
Effluent streams act as discharge zones for groundwater during
dry seasons. This phenomenon is known as base flow.
Groundwater overdraft reduces the base flow, which results in the
reduction of water supplied to our streams.
S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Perennial
Stream
(effluent)

(from Keller, 2000,

Figure 10.5a)

Humid climate
Flows all year -- fed by groundwater base flow (1)
Discharges groundwater
S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Groundwater
(Artesian Conditions)
(from Keller, 2000, Figure 10.7)
Water pressure in buildings is
maintained by a hydraulic head
(h) and confinement of water
beneath the pressure surface.
Natural artesian conditions occur
when an aquifer is confined by a
saturated, impermeable clay layer
(aquitard or aquiclude) below the
sloping pressure surface.
An artesian well flows continually.
It is produced when a well
penetrates the clay layer and the
land surface is below the pressure
surface.
S. Hughes, 2003 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Summary of Groundwater Systems

(from Keller, 2000, Figure 10.9)

D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
 Asdal

Groundwater
Overdraft
Overpumping will have two effects:
1. Changes the groundwater flow
direction.
2. Lowers the water table, making
it necessary to dig a deeper well.
• This is a leading cause for
desertification in some areas.
• Original land users and land
owners often spend lots of
money to drill new, deeper wells.
• Streams become permanently
dry. S. Hughes, 2003

D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

Risk of Groundwater Overexploited

• Example Bandung City 1950 vs 1991:

1950 1991

Source: IWACO-WASECO, 1991 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

Risk of Groundwater Overexploited

• Example Bandung City 1950 vs 1991 (cont.):

Source: IWACO-WASECO, 1991 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

Risk of Groundwater Overexploited

• Example Bandung City 1950 vs 1991 (cont.):

Source: IWACO-WASECO, 1991 D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

Dampak Eksploitasi Air Tanah

Secara Berlebihan
Penurunan muka air
tanah

Intrusi air laut

Land subsidence

D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

 Asdal

Saltwater Intrusion is the migration of saltwater into freshwater

aquifers under the influence of groundwater development
(Freeze and Cherry, 1979)
D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D
Estimasi daerah genangan air laut karena pengaruh kenaikan tinggi muka air laut yang mencapai 1m, dan tingkat subsidens 3m/abad
 Dampak Pengambilan Air Tanah Berlebihan :
“Menara” miring dari Indonesia

Museum Bahari Tower, North Museum Bahari Tower,

Jakarta Utara (LPM ITB,2005) North Jakarta (LIPI,2008)
 Asdal

Land Subsidence Semarang

D.S.A. Suroso, Ph.D

Estimasi daerah genangan air laut karena pengaruh kenaikan tinggi muka air laut yang mencapai 1m, dan tingkat subsidens 3m/abad
NORTH SEMARANG RISK